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Chile Flashcards

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1
Q

Chile

6 Regiones Vitivinícolas / Denominations of Origins (DOs)

N to S

A
  • Atacama
  • Coquimbo
  • Aconcagua
  • Valle Central (Central Valley)
  • Sur (Southern Regions)
  • Austral Region - new area at the southernmost limit of grape growing in the country
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2
Q

Regions that grow grapes for Pisco production

A
  • Atacama
  • Coquimbo
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3
Q

Coastal current that forces cool sea air inland through the river valleys to affect the Central Valley during the day

A

Humboldt Current

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4
Q

Aconcagua and Valle Central (Central Valley)

Irrigation

A
  • Irrigation is essential
  • While neither zone is as dry as the deserts to the north
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5
Q

Year 75% rule was established

A

1995

  • Chilean Decree No. 464 (Viticultural Zoning Ordinance, published in 1995 and updated in 2012, and in 2018)
  • Chilean wine law that institutes the blend must comprise 75% of vintage, varietal, and denomination of origins, if listed on the bottle
  • Many wineries observe an 85% min for all three categories to comply with EU standards for export
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6
Q

Chilean wine law

Hybrid grapes

A

Hybrid grapes are NOT permitted

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7
Q

Chilean wine law

Min. alcohol for all wines

A

11.5% abv

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8
Q

‘Reserva’ and ‘Reserva Especial’

Min. alcohol

A

12% abv

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9
Q

‘Reserva Privada’ and ‘Gran Reserva’

Min. alcohol

A

12.5% abv

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10
Q

2 labelings terms that indicate the wine spent time in oak

A
  • ‘Reserva Especial’
    • ​min 12% abv
  • ‘Gran Reserva’
    • ​min 12.5% abv
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11
Q

Chile

% Red grape production

A

73%

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12
Q

Northernmost wine growing region in Chile

A

Atacama

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13
Q

Chili’s oldest and most established winemaking region

A

Central Valley DO

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14
Q

Year Chilean wine producing regions (DOs) were established

A

December 1994

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15
Q

Major reasons for tempered growth of the Chilean wine industry in the 20th century

A
  • Political instability, coupled with bureaucratic regulations and high taxes
  • Prior to the 1980s, the vast majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically
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16
Q

Chile

Beginning of viticultural history

A

16th century

  • When Spanish conquistadors brought Vitis vinifera with them as they colonized the region
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17
Q

Century French wine varieties were introduced to Chile

A

mid 19th century

  • Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere, Cabernet Franc
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18
Q

Decade when a renaissance began with the introduction of stainless steel fermentation tanks and the use of oak barrel aging.

A

early 1980s

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19
Q

1995: number of wineries in Chile
2005: number of wineries in Chiles

A

1995: 12 wineries

2005: over 70 wineries

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20
Q

Chile’s 3rd most planted white varietal

A

Muscat

  • Although on the decline, nearly 6000 acres are planted in the Southern Regions DO (Sur)
  • 3rd most planted white varietal after Sauvignon (Blanc and Vert) and Chardonnay
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21
Q

Entre Cordilleras

A

‘between mountains’

  • Describes the valley areas between the coastal range and the Andes, a region in which over three-quarters of Chilean wine grapes are grown
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22
Q

‘Costa’, ‘Entre Cordilleras’, ‘Andes’

% of grapes that must be from the appropriate region

A

85%

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23
Q

Decade when Miguel Torres set up Chilean operations in Curico

A

1970s

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24
Q

Chile’s Región Vitícola from North to South

A 
Atacama
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Valle Central (Central Valley)
Sur (Southern Regions)
Austral
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25
Atacama: Subregions
Copiapo Huasco
26
Coquimbo: Subregions
Elqui Limari Choapa
27
Aconcagua: Sub-regions
Aconcagua Casablanca San Antonio
28
San Antonio: Zones
**Leyda Lo Abarco Rosario Malvilla**
29
Central Valley: Subregions
Maipo Rapel Curico Maule
30
Rapel: Zones
Cachapoal Colchagua
31
Curico: Zones
Teno Lontue
32
Maule: Zones
Claro Loncomilla Tutuven
33
Sur: Subregions
Itata Bio Bio Malleco
34
Austral: Subregions
Cautin Osorno
35
Which area of Maule was a major site for vineyard acreage in the 1800's? In what GD and zone is it located?
Cauquenes Entre Cordilleras Tutuven, Maule, Valle Centrale
36
What is the single most important DO area for **Carmenère**? Where is it located, and what GD does it belong to?
**Peumo Cachapoal Entre Cordilleras**
37
Where is La Serena? What GD does it fall under?
Elqui Valley Costa
38
What and where are the highest viticultural areas in Chile? How high are they?
Vicuña and Paiguano Elqui, Andes 500M-2000M
39
What is the Costa designated area in Limari?
Ovalle
40
What two areas of Aconcagua are outside the subregions?
Marga Marga Zapallar Both Costa
41
In what area does the **Aconcagua** make a sharp hairpin turn, cutting off coastal air from the rest of the valley?
Quillota (Costa)
42
What three areas make up the square sided amphitheater in the east of Aconcagua?
Santa Maria San Esteban Calle Larga All Andes, between San Felipe and Los Andes.
43
Where is Panquehue?
Aconcagua, Entre Cordilleras
44
Which subregion of Aconcagua is designated a GD area in its entirety?
Casablanca
45
Which three areas of Maipo are on the border of or within Santiago?
``` Santiago Pirque Buin Puente Alto All Andes ```
46
What are the two most important areas of the Maipo Entre Cordilleras?
Isla de Maipo (De Martino) Alhué
47
What are the Costa areas of **Colchagua**?
**Lolol Paredones Pumanque**
48
What are the Andes areas of Colchagua?
Chimbarongo San Fernando
49
Which two DO's of Colchagua expanded most significantly in the 1990's and 2000's? Which producers were responsible?
Lolol (Costa) Marchigüe (Entre Cordilleras) Viña Santa Cruz Montes
50
Which producers are venturing up in to the Andes foothills in Colchagua, taking advantage of the basalt terraces and cool winds?
Siegel Koyle (owned by the Undurraga family), planting in Los Lingues
51
What is the viticultural area of Malleco, and what is it named for?
Traigúen, named for the only town of significance.
52
What is the only major winemaking country to remain totally phylloxera-free?
Chile
53
What is the Mission grape known as in Argentina? In Chile?
Argentina - Criolla China Chile - Pais
54
What 19th century estates were early promoters of French varieties?
Viña La Rosa (Cachapoal, 1824), Carta Vieja (Loncomilla, 1825)
55
What is **Chile's oldest operating winery**, and why was it initially important?
**Viña Ochagavía** Santiago, 1851. Founded by Silvestre Ochagavía Provided a blueprint for others to follow; sometimes referred to as the **”father of Chilean wine."**
56
Who was the naturalist who created Chile's first research vineyard in the 1830's?
**Claude Gay**; he brought dozens of grapevine cuttings in from France and planted them at Santiago's Quinta Normal for study (adaptability to Chilean climate and soil).
57
Which three wineries account for 85% of domestic consumption in Chile?
**Concha y Toro Santa Rita San Pedro** Overall, the Chilean wine industry is top-heavy, and the largest producers create and control market perceptions of Chile worldwide.
58
Average size of Chilean winery production
1 million cases/year = mid-size 100,000 cases /year = small
59
What is MOVI?
Movimiento de Viñateros Independientes A coalition created in 2009 between 12 smaller wineries (many more today). Inclusion is less a signal of winery style and more an indicator of size and personal attention to the day-to-day affairs of the winery.
60
What is Chile's first winery founded by outside investment? What important technologies did this introduce?
**Miguel Torres Chile**,1979 Modern winemaking, essentially: temperature control, stainless steel ferments, new barrique, pneumatic press.
61
Who owns **Los Vascos**?
**Domaine Barons de Rothschild-Lafite** (1988)
62
Who created Viña Aquitania?
Bruno Prats (Cos d'Estournel) and Paul Pontarlier (Margaux)
63
Seña is a collaboration between whom?
``` Eduardo Chadwick (Errazuriz) and Robert Mondavi, 1995. Owned wholly by Chadwick since 2005. ```
64
Who collaborates on **Aristos**?
Louis-Michel Liger-Belair and Pedro Parra
65
Which Chablisienne producer has a Chilean outpost?
William Fèvre - William Fèvre Chile
66
Much of Chile's "Sauvignon Blanc" is in fact what?
Sauvignon Vert
67
What is another name for Sauvignon Vert?
Friulano
68
Much of Chile's "Merlot" is in fact what?
Carmenere Cab Franc x Gros Cabernet
69
What are Chile's geographic sectors from north to south? Which are relevant for winegrowing?
``` Norte Grande Norte Chico Zona Central Zona Sur Zona Austral ``` Wine grapes begin in Norte Chico (Copiapo, Atacama, 27º), and end in Zona Austral (46º).
70
Chile: Administrative Regions
``` Atacama, Region III, Norte Chico Coquimbo: Region IV, Norte Chico Valparaíso, Region V, Zona Central Santiago, Región Metropolitan, Zona Central O'Higgins, Region VI, Zona Central Maule, Region VII, Zona Central Bío Bío, Region VIII, Zona Sur La Araucania, Region IX, Zona Sur Los Lagos, Region X, Zona Sur ``` May or may not correspond to DO regions, even DO viticultural regions of the same name.
71
Chile: Latitude
17º to 53º S - 4300km long, 350km wide (max)
72
Chile: Cilmate by Latitude
Norte Chico: hot and arid Zona Central: warm and Mediterranean Zona Sur: cool, rainy, maritime
73
Chile: Soil
Mountain ranges are created by the tectonic interaction of the South American plate and the Nazca (oceanic) plate, as the latter pushes eastward. (making Chile subject to frequent, devastating earthquakes). Results: **Coastal range is granite, schist, and slate overlaid by clay**, from the continental crust folding over **Andes range is volcanic in origin - basalt**, andesite - but also contains limestone in places lifted up from the Nazca Plate.
74
Who oversees Chile's wine labeling laws? When were they passed?
Originally passed 1985 (vitis vinifera only, min. 11.5% abv); permitted practices and additions added in 1986. DO system was enacted in 1994. Overseen by the Agricultural and Livestock Service
75
Chilean DO categories by size
Región Vitícola Subregion Zone Area
76
Which current cools the Chilean Coast? What effect does it have on climate?
Humbolt Current, running northward up from the Antarctic. The current cools the air passing over it, limiting precipitation and contributing to an inversion layer (wherein cooler tempterarures are trapped near the surface). Average temperatures are milder, and the diurnal shift is suppressed (floor remains the same; highs are lower).
77
What effect does El Niño have on Chile?
El Niño is caused by a weakening and warming of the Humbolt Current; Pacific Ocean temperatures warm off the coast, and rainfall increases dramatically.
78
Chilean Wine Law: %'s
75% for vintage, varietal, DO (if listed). Most producers do 85% to comply with EU export standards.
79
Are hybrid varietals allowed in Chilean wines?
NO
80
What is the required minimum abv in Chile?
11.50%
81
What Chilean designations require 12% abv?
Riserva and Riserva Especial
82
What Chilean designations require 12.5% abv?
Riserva Privada and Gran Reserva
83
Other than higher minimum alcohol, what is the requirement for Chilean Riserva Especial and Gran Reserva?
Mandatory time in wood (unspecified)
84
85
What are the three geographical designations utilized for labeling in Chile? What % of grapes must be from there to qualify? When were these implemented?
Andes, Costa, and Entre Cordilleras 85% 2012
86
Red grapes account for what % of Chilean acreage?
73.00%
87
When was Chile's "merlot" unmasked as Carmenere, and by whom?
1994, by Jean-Michel Bourisquot on a visit to Viña Carmen
88
Name two high end Carmenere bottlings
**Errázuriz "Kai"**( Aconcagua) **Concha y Toro "Carmín de Peumo"** (Rapel)
89
What is Chile's largest producer? What is their flagship wine?
``` Concha y Toro Don Melchor (Cab Sauv, Puente Alto, Maipo) ```
90
What is Almaviva?
A joint project between **Baron Philippe de Rothschild and Concha y Toro** (think Opus One in Chile). Cabernet Sauvignon base, Puente Alto, Maipo.
91
Name three brands owned by Concha y Toro
``` Serie Riberas Terrunyo Gravas del Maipo Casillero del Diablo Trio Marquest de Casa Concha Amelia Don Melchor Carmin de Peumo ```
92
Pisco production is historically most prominent in what areas?
Atacama & Coquimbo
93
**Chilean Pisco** is traditionally produced from which grapes?
**Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria) Moscatel Rosado Torrontés Sanjuanino Torontel Pedro Jiménez**
94
What is the most mountainous region of Chile?
Coquimbo
95
What is the major threat to viticulture in Coquimbo?
Drought
96
Coquimbo: Altitude
1000-2200M
97
What factors make Limari a cool climate sub-region?
Coastal influence rather than elevation - transverse valley heavily impacted by comanchaca fog in the mornings.
98
Limari: Geographic Features
Tongoy Bay Rio Limari, Rio Hurtado, Rio Grande Talinay Hills
99
What are the major grapes of Itata and Bío Bío?
País and Muscat of Alexandria
100
What grapes are grown in Malleco?
PN and Chardonnay
101
Sur: Topography and climate
Warm mediterranean climate of the Valle Central gives way to a cooler, rainier, more maritime climate - from top to bottom one gains 550mm annual rainfall. The Coastal Range ends in the Pacific just south of Concepción, ending the Intermediate Depression.
102
Itata and Bio Bio: Administrative Region
Bio Bio
103
Unlike the northern zones of the Central Valley, Pais, Carignan, and Cinsault are the dominant grapes in Maule and Sur. Why?
After the 1939 earthquake devastated the region, the government encouraged planting of Cinsault and Carignan to "improve" the Pais, most of planted widely spaced, head trained, and own rooted.
104
Which region is modernizing faster: Itata or Bio Bio?
Bio Bio, with increased interest in Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and aromatic whites (Muscat of Alexandria, usually).
105
Where are what are the **Nahuelbuta Mountains**?
The last vestiges of the Coastal Range, in **Bio Bio**
106
Malleco: Administrative Region
La Araucanía
107
Name two wines from Malleco
**Clos des Fous Latuffa** Pinot Noir Viña Aquitania Sol de Sol (Chardonnay and Pinot Noir)
108
What wine currently comes out of Austral?
Casa Silva, the Lake Ranco wines (SB, Chard, PN)
109
Where is the world's southernmost vineyard?
The commune of Chile Chico, on the edge of the glacier lake **General Carrera**. Farmed by Undurraga. Yet to be produced commercially.
110
Where does the Aconcagua DO take its name from?
The Aconcagua River (not the peak)
111
Where is **Panquehue**, and who is its most famous producer?
Panquehue is an area of Aconcagua. **Errázuriz** is its most famous producer, notably for Seña, a BDX blend
112
What Chilean wine had its own "Judgment of Paris" moment?
**Errázuriz "Seña,"** a BDX blend, placed ahead of both Lafite and Margaux at the 2004 Berlin Tasting. Its **Viñedo Chadwick** (Cabernet Sauvignon) took first place.
113
What is the climate like in **San Antonio and Casablanca?** What is the dominant wine style?
Much cooler than the rest of Aconcagua, due to their coastal locations; **dry whites of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay**, with some Pinot Noir.
114
What is the oldest viticultural region in Chile?
Valle Central DO
115
What is the major wine style of the Valle Central?
Red wines of BDX varietals: >50% of the acreage is Cab Sauv, plus Carmenère and Chardonnay.
116
Aconcagua is in what administrative region?
Valparaíso
117
How does the climate of the Valle del Aconcagua change from west to east?
Cool and maritime on the coast, schist and slate; the river turns sharply at Quillota, blocking the ingress of ocean air to the inner valley. Entre Cordilleras is good for Bordeaux grapes in the side valleys and on the hillsides; in the far east, the broad open hillsides are better for Mediterranean varieties used to sun and heat.
118
Most planted varieties in Valle del Aconcagua?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Carmenere
119
What makes Valle de Casablanca a coastal region? What is the climate like?
The valley's western end is open to the Pacific and Humbolt Current winds, resulting in overnight fog and windy afternoons. Overall, Region I. Frost prone.
120
Where in Aconcagua do you see vines planted on rootstocks (v. own rooted), and why?
Casablanca. No phylloxera, but the sandy soils are a magnet for nematodes.
121
Casablanca: Major grape varieties
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir 75% of acreage is white grapes
122
Which is more coastal: Casablanca or San Antonio?
San Antonio
123
San Antonio: Subzones by climate (official and unofficial)
**Leyda**: Southernmost, 15km from the ocean. Cool, humid, windy, prone to rot. **Lo Abarca**: Central, 4km from the ocean. Coolest and most maritime, averaging 1000 degree days. **Rosario**: Northernmost, 19km from the ocean, warmest and driest (relative, obviously).
124
What are the administrative regions of the Valle Central?
Santiago O'Higgins (named for Bernardo O'Higgins, who declared independence from Spain in 1818) Maule
125
How does rainfall change from north to south in the **Valle Central**?
It increases as one moves south, rising from **300mm to 750mm** annually
126
What major city sits in the Maipo Valley?
Santiago
127
Maipo: Unofficial Subzones
``` Alto Maipo (400-600M): Gravel and alluvials, large diurnal shift (20ºC +), evening wind, generally west facing slopes. Medio Maipo: warmer overall than Alto Maipo, clay-based soil, wines tend to be softer of structure, popular for Carmenère. Maipo Costa/Maipo Bajo: not actually coastal, youngest and coolest subzone in the region. ``` Do not necessarily correlate with Andes, Entre Cordilleras, and Costa
128
Name five wines originating in the **Alto Maipo**
**Don Melchor (Concha y Toro) Almaviva Viñedo Chadwick (Errazuriz) Antiyal (Alvaro Espinosa) Casa Real (Santa Rita)**
129
What is significant about the soils of **Puente Alto** (near Santiago, Curico)? What significant wines originate in this area?
Particularly gravelly, caused early international exposure. **Don Melchor, Viñedo Chadwick, Almaviva**
130
What is the administrative region of the Valle del Rapel?
O'Higgins
131
What is the most heavily planted subregion in the Valle Central?
Rapel
132
What two rivers combine to create the **Rio Rapel**, and where do they combine?
**Cachapoal and Tinguiririca**; they both flow into the Rapel Reservoir, created when the river was dammed in the 1960's.
133
What is the major grape in Cachapoal, and why?
Very warm (no direct access to the coast), clay and alluvial soils, no risk of frost, rain, or temperature variation (good for **Carmenère** as it is very late-ripening).
134
Which two high end Carmenere bottlings appellate as DO Peumo? Why is this notable?
Herencia (Santa Carolina) Carmín de Peumo (Concha y Toro) Areas are rarely used for labeling, as zones generally have broader recognition.
135
What major city sits in Cachapoal?
Rancagua
136
Name five major producers in Colchagua
Cono Sur, Viu Manent, Casa Silva Lapostolle, Los Vascos, Hacienda Araucano Montes, Neyen, Koyle
137
Where and what is **Apalta**?
The most important (but still unofficial) area for red wine in **Colchagua** (and therefore in Chile period, outside of the Maipo), seated on the north bank of the **Tinguiririca River in the DO Santa Cruz**. Slightly cooler climate, lower sunshine hours (mountains to the east, west, and north) and well-drained granitic soils.
138
**Clos Apalta** (Colchagua Valley):
**Clos Apalta, Casa Lapostolle** 66% Carmenere, 19% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Sauvignon, dry-farmed vineyard, planted 1920. **Alpha M, Montes** Cab Sauv dominant BDX blend.
139
Curicó and Maule: Administrative Region
Maule
140
Curicó: Climate and soils
Cooler, with more winter rainfall than the DO's to the north, creating frost troubles in the fall. Most vineyards are planted on heavy clay in the interior and schist on the coast.
141
What is Chile's second largest producer, and where are they based?
San Pedro Curicó
142
Important producers in Curicó
San Pedro (mostly bulk wine) Miguel Torres Chile (specifically the Manso de Velasco plot, 100yo Cabernet Sauvignon) Viña Escheverría Currently, Curicó is largely given to bulk plantings.
143
Maule Valley: Size
Responsible for more than 25% of Chile's overall production. More vine acreage than any other single region, save the whole Rapel zone. Maule administrative region (Maule + Curicó) holds nearly 50% of Chile's acreage. Virtually all of Chile's major producers either own or source fruit from Maule.
144
Maule: Major Grapes`
Cabernet Sauvignon, Pais Some old vine Carignan, Malbec, and Sémillon to be found in spots.
145
What is VIGNO, and what requirements surround it?
VIGNO is the brand trademarked by the Vignadores de Carignan in western Maule. Restricted to a delimited area Dry-farmed **Min 30 years vine age** (may be grafted) Aged 2 years before release Minimum 65% Carignan
146
Name three VIGNO producers
``` Bravado Wines De Martino Garage Wine Company Lomas de Cauquenes Meli Miguel Torres Morande Odfjell Valdivieso Viña Roja ```
147
As of 2011 4/5 of all Chilean bottles sold were made by these three biggest companies:
Concha y Toro, Santa Rita, VSPT
148
Who is the soil whisperer known throughout the Southern Cone for pairing grapes with soil and who has worked with such producers as Lapostolle, Montes, De Martino, Matetic, Errázuriz, & Amayna?
Pedro Parra
149
Briefly describe some common differences between Chilean and Peruvian Pisco:
* Peruvians use pot stills whereas Chileans use column stills * Peruvians bottle their pisco at distilled strength whereas Chileans water back to a desired strength * Peruvians almost exclusively use aromatic varieties whereas Chileans use both aromatic and neutral varieties
150
From what grape is pipeño most commonly made?
Pais
151
What is a zaranda?
A hand-operated destemmer usually made from bamboo
152
Approximately what percentage of Chile’s grapes are grown within the **Entre Cordilleras region**?
75%
153
**Mendoza’s Maipu** subregion is relatively closest to which of these Chilean regions? a. Maule [_] b. Cachapoal [_] c. Maipo [ ] d. Limarí [_]
a. Maule [_] b. Cachapoal [_] c. Maipo [+] d. Limarí [_]
154
On average where will you find the older soil: Coastal Range or the Andes ?
Coastal Range
155
What's **Camanchaca**?
Effects Limari and Choapa in Coquimbo: **Dense coastal fog** that enters from the west and vanishes in afternoon, cooling pockets of calcareous soils
156
**Clos Apalta, Lapostolle**, Central Valley, Colchagua, Apalta DO
157
In which region can we find the oldest vines of Pais?
Maule
158
What is the minimum amount of a varietal in a varietal labeled wine? What if they were to ship it to France for sale?
75%, 85%
159
Who was Claudio Gay and why is he famous?
French botanist who investigated Chilean geography and plantings in the 1800s, 1830s brought over vitis vinifera, Cordillera Claudio Gay in Atacama named for him
160
What DO in Chile is entirely considered Costa?
Casablanca
161
What’s the most heavily planted Region in Chile?
Central Valley
162
What’s **Secano Costero**? Where’s located?
Secano is dry farming, in reference to: Western Maul
163
What are the **Zones of the Valle del Rapel DO?**
**Cachapoal & Colchagua**
164
In the last 15 years there has been:
An Earthquake vintage (Maule/Curico): 2010 A Frost vintage that decimated crop by 70%: 2014 A fire laden vintage in Southern Chile, forcing an early harvest: 2017 An El Nino vintage with heavy rain: 2016 An Excellent vintage: 2018
165
What is the min ABV for Gran Pisco in Chile?
43%
166
What is a Monkey’s Tail or Cola de Mono?
A Chilean cocktail using Pisco similar to a white Russian served around Christmas
167
**Clos Apalta** is made primarily of what grape variety?
Carmenere
168
When did Chile adopt its DO system?
1994
169
True or False: El Nino is an occurrence that happens on a regular basis?
False – irregular warming of the Humbolt current
170
What is the effect of El Nino?
Increase in rainfall in Chile and Peru – decimates fish populations
171
What is the minimum alcohol for Chilean wine?
11.5%
172
Grand Vidure is a synonym for what grape?
Carmenere
173
May Pais be labeled varietally?
No
174
**Chile** - On a scale from 1-5, with 1 being the worst – how would you describe the 2023 vintage?
**1** - spring frosts in Aconcagua, record heat temperatures, fires in the south. Crop, on average was reduced by 15%
175
When and how was Chilean wine law established?
Decree 464, passed in 1994, published in 1995
176
What two rivers are found in the **Rapel Valley**?
**Cachapoal River & Tinguiririca River**
177
What geographic viticulture zone claims the most plantings of grapes?
Entre Cordilleras = 60% of the nations production
178
What was MOVI established?
2009 with 12 founding wineries
179
What was the first appellation established for Pisco -Chilean or Peruvian?
**1931 – Chile 1991 – Peru**
180
Merlot Chileno is a synonym for what grape variety?
Carmenere
181
What is the parentage of Carmenére?
Cab Franc/Gros Cabernet (Fer x Hondarribi Beltza)
182
What is another name for IBMP?
Pyrazine – 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine
183
In addition to the Humbolt current, name another current that impacts Chile?
**Cape North** (Eastern Drift splits into the Humbolt & Cape North) & Polar Current
184
When was the last “super El Niño”?
2015-2016
185
Where and when were vines first planted in Chile?
Copiapo in 1548
186
Name two iconic varietal bottlings of 100% Carmenere (and two blends if you’re feeling spicy):
a. Errazuri “Kai” (varietal) b. Conca y Toro “Carmin de Peumo” (varietal) c. Casa Lapostolle “Clos Apalta” (blend) d. Almaviva (blend)
187
Given Chile’s length, how does the climate/growing season of the southernmost regions compare to the north?
Rainfall is higher in the south, with a cooler and shorter growing season
188
Match the famous bottling to the producer:
Clos Apalta - Casa Lapostolle Casa Real - Santa Rita Almaviva - Concha y Toro/Baron Alpha M - Vina Montes Purple Angel - Vina Montes Don Melchor - Concha y Toro Vinedo Chadwick - Viña Errázuriz Sena - Viña Errázuriz/Mondavi
189
Name two iconic varietal bottlings of 100% Cabernet Sauvignon:
* Viña Errázuriz “Viñedo Chadwick” * Santa Rita “Casa Real”
190
What is **Aconcagua DO’s** most prominent subregion? (hint: it’s for white, which grapes?)
* **Valle de Casablanca** * Chardonnay & Sauvignon Blanc
191
What are two legal Chilean label terms indicating time spent in oak?
a. Reserva Especial (min 12% ABV) b. Gran Reserva (min. 12.5%)
192
Almaviva is a joint project between which two wine heavyweights?
Baron Philipe Rothschild & Concha y Toro
193
Which Bordeaux varietal has the greatest concentration of pyrazinec compounds? When is this varietal harvested in relation to Cabernet Sauvignon?
a. Carmenere b. Harvested 2-3 weeks later than CS c. Pyrazines begins decreasing after veraison, there’s a large debate about leaf-pulling in relation to ripeness
194
Match the wine to its inaugural vintage:
a. Almaviva - 1996 b. Clos Apalta - 1997 c. Viñedo Chadwick - 1999 d. Don Melchor - 1987 e. Seña - 1995
195
What are the inexpensive, sometimes fizzy, often-chilled Pais blends called?
Pipeños
196
Classic Chilean drink very similar to sangria served on patriotic festivities and holidays made with red wine, strawberries, simple syrup server on the rocks:
Borgoña The name Borgoña translates as Burgundy, and the name is a reference to the abandoned practice of naming most French wines as Burgundy or Bordeaux. This cocktail is traditionally made in a pitcher, and it should always be served over ice.
197
T/F Chile is around 2600 miles long and vines are planted along half of the area?
False. Almost all the Chile’s vines are grown within small 550 miles area between the latitudes 29 and 37 degrees south.
198
T/F Some of Chile’s best grapes come from the Atacama desert?
False. Most grapes that come from the Atacama desert are used for Pisco production due to low quality.
199
**Claro valley, Loncomilla Valley and Tutuven Valle** are sub-zones of which DO?
Maule Valley
200
What is Chicha?
Chicha is a fermented beverage made only from maize and has a wide variety of colors and flavors depending on the type of maize used for its processin, produced in Chile, Peru, Andes mts. And some Amazonian regions
201
Who is the largest producer of wine in Chile producing over 15 million cases annually?
Concha y Toro
202
Which Chilean wine region is known for producing high-quality cool-climate wines like Chardonnay and Pinot Noir?
Casablanca
203
What is Pisco and how does it relate to Chile's Wine Culture?
Pisco is a grape brandy made from Muscat grapes, closely associated with Chilean and Peruvian culture.
204
What is the recipe for a Pisco Sour?
2 oz. Pisco 1 oz. Lime or Lemon Juice (or combination of both) 3/4 oz. Simple Syrup 1 Egg White 1 dash Angostura Bitters
205
What does the term "Alto Maipo" refer to in relation to Chile's wine geography?
the high-elevation, upper Maipo Valley, known for its premium wines.
206
Name the iconic red blend from **Casa Lapostolle** that often features Carmenere, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc.
Clos Apalta
207
Which Chilean wine region is recognized for its focus on cool-climate Syrah wines?
Limari Valley
208
What is the purpose of Chile's "Wine of Chile" seal on bottles?
"Wine of Chile" seal indicates that the wine is certified by the Chilean government and meets quality standards.
209
What was the first Sparkling house established in Chile and when was it established?
Valdivieso, in 1879
210
Which winery makes "Purple Angel" and what are the varietals?
**Vina Montes** Carmenere & Petit Verdot
211
What is "Mote con Huesillo"
Roughly translates to,"peaches with wheat". This drink has a long history dating back to the colonial time period.Drinking mote con huesillo is a popular way to quench your thirst during the hot summer months.This drink is made from husked wheat (mote) and dried peaches (huesillo) soaked with sugar water and cinnamon to make a sweet, non-alcoholic drink.
212
Chilean Wine Law:
- est 1995 - 75% rule, vintage, varietal, origin - no hybrid grapes - min alcohol 11.5% - many wineries choice 85% to comply with EU
213
Regions that grow grape for Pisco:
Atacama Coquimbo
214
Define Humboldt Current:
Coastal current that forces sea air inland through the river valleys - effects the Central Valley during the day
215
Chile's oldest and most established winemaking region?
Central Valley DO
216
For "Costa", "Entre Cordilleras" and "Andes" what % must be from the region?
85%
217
Elqui and Limari are located in what DO?
Coquimbo
218
Casablanca and San Antonio are located in what DO?
Aconcaqua
219
What are the 4 sub-regions of the Valle Central?
Maipo Valley Rapel Valley Curico Valley Maule Valley
220
Colchagua and Cachapoal are sub-regions of where?
Rapel Valley, Valle Centrale
221
Where will you find Los Lingues and Apalta?
Colchagua Valley
222
What are the parent grapes of Carmenere?
Cab Franc x Gros Cabernet
223
Most Carmenere is planted where?
Colchagua
224
Name the DO's of Coquimbo:
Limari Elqui Choapa
225
What are the rules for VIGNO labelling?
- 85% Carignan - Old vine - Headtrained - Aged 2 years before release
226
What winery is Robert Mondavi partnered in?
Sena, founed in 1995
227
Where is **Vina Errazuriz** located? Flagship wine?
**Panquehue, Aconagua DO** "Sena" - iconic Bordeaux blend, placed ahead of Lafite and Margaux in 2004 Berlin Tasting
228
What are the geographical features of Chile?
Atacama Desert Andes Mountains Pacific Ocean
229
What are the two mountain ranges of Chile?
Andes Cordilleras de la Costa (Coastal Ranges)
230
What is the largest encompassing DO category in Chile?
Region Viticola
231
What are the 2 sub-regions of Austral?
Cautin Osorno
232
Chile's nesting doll:
Wine Region Sub-Region Zone Area
233
What are Chile's six regions called?
Vitivinicolas Atacama Coquimbo Aconcagua Valle Centrale Sur Austral
234
Sub-regions of the Atacama Region:
Copiapa Valley Huasco Valley
235
Sub-regions of the Aconcagua Region:
Aconcagua Valley Casablanca Valley San Antonio Valley
236
Sub-regions of the Central Valley Region:
Maipo Valley Rapel Valley Curico Valley Maule Valley
237
Sub-regions of the Sur Region:
Itata Valley Bio Bio Valley Malleco Valley
238
Sub-regions of the Austral Valley:
Cautin Valley Osorno Valley
239
What is the Zone of the Aconcagua Region -> San Antonio Valley?
Leyda Zone
240
What are the Zones of the Rapel Valley?
Cachapoal Valley Zone Colchagua Valley Zone
241
What are the Zones of the Curico Valley?
Teno Valley Zone Lontue Valley Zone
242
What are the Zones of the Maule Valley?
Claro Valley Zone Loncomilla Valley Zone Tutuvea Valley Zone
243
Who was the "father of Chilean wine"?
Silvestre Ochagavia, Vina Ochagavia, one of Chile's first modern wineries
244
What is MOVI?
Movimiento de Vinateros Independientes - 12 wineries banded together in 2009 - quality-oriented - "human-scale" - Examples: Garage Wine Co, Montoecino, Sigla, Kingston
245
What producers account for 85% of domestic production?
Concha y Toro Santa Rita San Pedro
246
What winery commands the largest market shares/SA's vineyard holdings?
Concha y Toro - 9000ha vines spread across Chile/Argentina
247
Who first identified "Merlot Chileno" as Carmenere?
French ampelographer Jean-Michel Boursiquot - at Vina Carmen in Maipo Valley - 1994
248
What Bordeaux variety has the most pyrazines?
Carmenere
249
What are the best sites for Carmenere?
**Peumo, Cachapoal (Rapel Valley) Los Lingues, Colchagua (Rapel Valley) Apalta, Colchagua (Rapel Valley)**
250
What is Chilean Pisco principally distilled from?
Moscatel (Muscat de Alexandria) Moscatel Rosado Moscatel de Austria (Torrontes Sanjuanino) Torontel (Moscatel Amarillo) Pedro Jimenez
251
What is the **Mission grape** also known as:
* **Listan Prieto (Canary Island)** * **Criolla Chica (Argentina)** * **Pais (Chile)**
252
What is the highest elevation growing region in Chile?
**Valle del Elqui DO: 2200 meters Areas: La Serena, Vicuna, Paiguano** Winery: Vinedos de Alcohuaz (Syrah) at 2200 meters
253
What are the Areas of Valle de Elqui DO?
La Sirena Vicuna Paiguano
254
What varietal (red) is Elqui known for?
Syrah Vina Falernia "Alta Tierra"
255
What varietal is Valle de Limari DO known for?
Coastal, cool-climate Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
256
What are the Areas of Valle del Limari DO?
Ovalle Monte Patria Punitaqui Rio Hurtado
257
What are the 3 sub-regions of Aconcagua Region?
Valle del Aconcagua Valle de Casablanca Valle de San Antonio Two across outside of sub-regions: Valle del Morga-Morga, Zapallar
258
What style of wines would you find in Aconcagua Valley?
Bordeaux-style reds
259
Most-planted varieties in Aconcagua Valley?
Cabernet Sauv Syrah Carmenere
260
What are the Areas of Valle del Aconcagua DO?
Hijuelas Panquehue Catenu Llaillay San Felipe Santa Maria Calle Large Quillota San Esteban
261
Most-important producer in Aconcagua Valley?
Vina Errazuriz, established in 1870 - partnered with Robert Mondavi to produce Sena, a Bordeaux-style blend
262
What was the "Berlin Tasting"?
- held by Errazuriz's current owner Eduardo Chadwick - 2004 - tasting modeled after 1976 Judgement of Paris - Vinedo Chadwick and Sena beat Lafite and Margaux
263
What wine is Casablanca Valley known for?
Chile's most impressive array of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay - 75% Chardonnay/SB - 2000 ha of vines
264
Wineries in Casablanca?
Concha y Toro Villard Vina Casablanca Casa del Bosque Veramonte (Huneeous Family) Kingston Family
265
What is the single official **Zone of Valle de San Antonio DO**?
Valle de Leyda
266
What does the **Valle de Leyda DO** produce?
Aromatic **Sauvignon Blanc** (similar to Marlborough)
267
What are the 3 sub-zones of San Antonio DO?
Valle de Leyda Lo Abarco DO Rosario (unofficial)
268
What is Chile's agricultural center?
Valle Centrale - home to 75% of Chile's grapes - encompasses Maipo, Rapel, Curico, Maule - contain all vineyards w/in Santiago, O'Higgins, Maule, administrative regions
269
Climate in Valle Centrale? Warmest areas?
Semi-arid, warm Mediterranean - warmest area in the Rapel Valley
270
How is the Maipo Valley "unofficially" divided?
Alto Maipo (400-600 m in the Piedmont Andes) Medio Maipo Maipo Costa/Maipo Bajo
271
What vineyards do you find in Puete Alto?
Don Melchor Vinedo Chadwick Almaviva Alvaro Espinoza's Antiyal Santa Rita "Casa Real"
272
What two rivers converge to create the Rapel River?
**Cachapoal and Tinguirica Rivers**
273
What are the Areas of the Valle del Cachapoal DO?
Rancagua Requinoa Rengo Peumo Machali Coltauco
274
Important DO in **Cachapoal**?
**Peumo DO** - Camenere from: **Santa Carolina's "Herencia" and Concha y Toro "Carmin de Peumo"** **a rare use of "area" on a label vs a sub-region or zone**
275
Differences between Cachapoal vs Colchagua DO's?
Cachapoal - smaller of the two zones in both geographic size and vine acreage - lack of access to the coast = warmer - Carmenere excels - less popular than Colchagua for quality
276
Producers from Alto Cachapoal?
Altair Anabena Pedro Parra's "Clos des Fout" (1000m above sea-level)
277
Areas of Valle de Colchagua DO?
San Fernando Chimbarongo Nancagua Santa Cruz Palumilla Perallill Lolol Marchigue Litueche La Estrella Paredones Pumanque Apalta
278
Important producers in **Colchagua DO** Zone:
French Investment: **Lapostolle, Los Vascos, Hacienda Araucano** Cono Sur Vin Monent Casa Silva
279
Most important DO in **Colchagua**?
**Apalta DO** - high-quality red wines, means "earthquake", in Mapueche dialect - located on the north bank of the **Tingiurica River** open to the south but protected by the mountains on 3 sides - Cabernet, Carmenere, Syrah
280
Valle de Curico DO Zones:
Valle de Teno Valle del Longue (named after rivers)
281
Hierarchy of Areas?
Maule Valley - most acreage Colchagua DO - second most acreage Maipo - higher quality reds Colchagua DO - second highest
282
Curico Valley's (Valle Centrale) most famous vineyard?
Miguel Torre's 100 yr-old "Manso de Velasco" Cabernet
282
Zones of Valle del Maule DO?
Valle del Charo Valle del Loncomilla Valle del Tutuven
283
Differences in vine training?
Parron "Overhead" - table grapes VSP - wine grapes
284
Maule's % of vine acreage?
50%
285
What is head-training called in Chile?
Cabeza
286
Rivers in Valle del Itata DO?
Itata Nuble RIvers
287
**Chilean Pisco** quality designations:
**Pisco Corriente o Traditional (30-35%) Pisco Especial (35-40%) Pisco Reservado (40%) Gran Pisco (43%)**
288
Differences between Chilean and Peruvian Piscos?
Chilean: - can be distilled multiple times - is aged in oak (any kind of barrel) - add water after distillation to lower ABV - grapes are both aromatic/non-aromatic - more floral flavors - example: Pisco el Gobernador
289
What grapes are allowed in Chilean Pisco production?
Yellow Muscat White Early Muscat Alexandria Muscat Austrian Muscat Frontignan Muscat Hamberg Muscat Black Muscat Pink Muscat Canelli Muscat Orange Muscat Pedro Ximenez Torontel
290
What are the Areas of Valle de Choapo DO?
Salamanca Illapel
291
What is the most famous sub-region of **Maipo Valley**?
Puente Alto
292
"Riserva Privado" and "Gran Reserva" min alcohol?
12.5%
293
Where are Chile's highest elevation vineyards found?
Elqui Valley
294
How is Merlot different than Carmenere?
- ripens a month later than Merlot - has tigher clusters - leaves turn deep red in Autumn - more difficult to graft - needs warmer nights overall
295
Differences in style between Chilean and Peruvian Pisco:
- Peruvian is smaller in production, more floral - Chilean is more neutral, mass-engineered - Chilean pisco doesn't have eggs white/bitters - also uses Pica Lemon (small, thin-skinned, sweeter)
296
Who produces these iconic wines from **Colchagua**? **Clos Apalta Alpha M Purple Angel**
**Clos Apalta - Casa Lapostolle, Bdx Blend Alpha M - Vina Montes, Bdx Blend Purple Angel - Vina Montes, Carmenere**
297
Top wines from Apalta DO?
Casa Lapostolle - Clos Apalta Montes - Alpha M
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