PHY 102 > CHP 1 > Flashcards

CHP 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is electromagnetism?

A

A fundamental force combining electricity and magnetism, responsible for interactions between charged particles.

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2
Q

What causes electromagnetic interactions?

A

Electric charges

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3
Q

What is electric charge?

A

A fundamental property of matter responsible for electric forces

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4
Q

What is electric current?

A

The movement of electric charges

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5
Q

Where can electric charges move?

A

Solids, liquids, gases, and vacuum

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6
Q

Examples of moving charges

A

Lightning, electric shock, car headlamps

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7
Q

What force binds atoms together?

A

Electromagnetic force

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8
Q

What is electrostatics?

A

Study of charges at rest

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9
Q

What happens when charges move?

A

They produce magnetism, light, heat, and sound

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10
Q

What mathematical knowledge is important for electromagnetism?

A

Geometry and integral calculus

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11
Q

How many types of charge exist?

A

Two types

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12
Q

Who named positive and negative charges?

A

Benjamin Franklin

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13
Q

Interaction of like charges

A

They repel

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14
Q

Interaction of unlike charges

A

They attract

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15
Q

What particles make up an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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16
Q

Charge of proton

A

Positive

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17
Q

Charge of electron

A

Negative

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18
Q

Charge of neutron

A

Neutral

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19
Q

Where are protons and neutrons located?

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

What holds electrons in atom?

A

Electric attraction to nucleus

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21
Q

What force holds nucleus together?

A

Strong nuclear force

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22
Q

Range of strong force

A

Very short range (within nucleus)

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23
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

Equal number of protons and electrons

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24
Q

What is ionization?

A

Gain or loss of electrons

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25
What happens when atom gains electron?
Becomes negatively charged
26
What happens when atom loses electron?
Becomes positively charged
27
Mass of electron
9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
28
Mass of proton
1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
29
Mass of neutron
1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
30
Where is most atomic mass concentrated?
Nucleus (≈99.9%)
31
Principle of conservation of charge
Charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
32
Principle of quantization of charge
Charge exists in discrete units (multiples of e)
33
SI unit of charge
Coulomb (C)
34
Charge of an electron
-1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
35
What are smaller units of charge?
Microcoulomb (μC), nanocoulomb (nC)
36
Define conductor
Material that allows flow of electric charge
37
Examples of conductors
Metals, copper
38
Define insulator
Material that resists flow of charge
39
Examples of insulators
Plastic, glass, dry wood, nylon
40
Why do conductors conduct?
They have free electrons
41
Why do insulators not conduct?
They lack free electrons
42
What are semiconductors?
Materials with intermediate conductivity
43
How can charges be transferred?
Friction (rubbing)
44
Define charging by induction
Charging without contact
45
What happens when charged rod approaches metal?
Electrons rearrange
46
What is grounding?
Transfer of electrons to earth
47
What is polarization?
Separation of charges in insulator
48
Why do charged objects attract neutral ones?
Induced polarization
49
State Coulomb’s law
Force ∝ product of charges and inversely ∝ square of distance
50
What does k represent?
Electrostatic constant
51
Value of Coulomb constant
k = 9.0 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²
52
Alternative form of k
k = 1 / (4πε₀)
53
What is ε₀?
Permittivity of free space
54
Effect of doubling distance on force
Force becomes 1/4
55
Effect of halving distance on force
Force becomes 4 times
56
What law do electric forces obey?
Newton’s third law
57
What is net force?
Vector sum of all forces
58
Important step in solving problems
Check direction and sign of charges
59
Define electric field
Force per unit positive test charge
60
Electric field formula
E = F/q₀
61
Unit of electric field
N/C
62
Direction of electric field
Direction of force on positive charge
63
What if test charge is negative?
Force is opposite direction
64
Electric field analogy
Like gravitational field
65
Gravitational field formula
g = F/m
66
Electric field of point charge formula
E = kq/r²
67
Field around positive charge
Radially outward
68
Field around negative charge
Radially inward
69
Define electric field lines
Imaginary lines showing field direction
70
Direction of field lines
From positive to negative
71
What determines field strength?
Line density (closer = stronger)
72
Field vector relation
Tangent to field line
73
Define electric dipole
Two equal and opposite charges separated by distance
74
Example of dipole
Water molecule
75
Define dipole separation
Distance between charges (d)
76
Define dipole moment
Product of charge and separation
77
Dipole moment formula
p = qd
78
Unit of dipole moment
C·m
79
Nature of dipole moment
Vector
80
Direction of dipole moment
From negative to positive
81
Define torque on dipole
Turning effect in electric field
82
Torque formula
τ = pE sinθ
83
When is torque maximum?
θ = 90°
84
When is torque zero?
θ = 0° or 180°
85
Potential energy of dipole formula
U = -pE cosθ
86
Vector form of potential energy
U = -p · E
87
Minimum potential energy
When aligned with field
88
Maximum potential energy
When opposite field
89
Relation between work and energy
W = U₁ - U₂
90
Why negative sign appears
Because torque reduces angle
91
Electric field of dipole (far field)
E ∝ 1/r³
92
Condition for approximation
r >> d
93
Dependence of dipole field
On dipole moment
94
Net force on dipole in uniform field
Zero
95
Effect of electric field on dipole
Causes rotation (torque)
96
Why water is a good solvent
It has dipole nature
97
What principle is used for multiple charges?
Superposition principle
98
What causes lightning
Flow of charge between cloud and ground
99
Charge flow formula
Q = It
100
Charge in lightning example
2 C
101
Number of electrons in 1 C
6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons
102
Why electric force dominates atomic scale
Much stronger than gravity
103
Why gravity dominates large scale
Charges cancel out overall
104
Steps in solving Coulomb problems
Identify charges, distances, directions, sum vectors
105
Key mistake to avoid
Ignoring sign and direction of charges
PHY 102
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