laws of thermodynamics
energy can’t be destroyed or created
entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing and the combined change in entropy must be positive
entropy of a substance is absolute zero
metabolism
metabolic pathways that are happening in a given organism
2 types of metabolism
catabolic; break down of molecules for energy , entropy increases
anabolic ; process where energy is used to build larger molecules , entropy decreases
catabolic
ENERGY IS RELEASED
anabolic
ENERGY IS REQUIRED
mitochondria
organelle that produces ATP via cellular respiration
ATP ; adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a RNA nucleoside triphosphate
-adenine nitro base
-ribose sugar
-3 phos groups
currency for cells
ATP
bond breaking btw phosphate groups
via hydrolysis ( water is release )
reaction coupling
energy requiring reaction (endergonic) combined with energy releasing one (exergonic )
net neg Gibbs free energy (-)
aerobic cell resp
glycolysis -> pyruvate decarboxylation->Krebs cycle ->oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis formula
glucose ->2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
glycolysis
takes place in the cytosol and doesn’t require oxygen ( glycolysis is both aerobic and anaerobic )
this process has a investment phase , needs 2 ATP to make 4 ATP ( net of 2 ATP)
substrate level phosphorylation
ATP produced by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from phosphorylated compound.
steps of glycolysis - 1
hexokinase uses 1 ATP to phosphorylate glucose into glucose 6 phosphate ,which cant leave the cell
step 2
isomerase modifies glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6 phosphate
step 3
phosphofructokinase
uses a second ATP to phosphorylate fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1-6 bisphosphate this is the key step for glycolysis
step 4
fructose 1-6 biphosphate splits into 2 G3P molecules which proceed to her energy pay off phase
step 5
G3P undergoes a series of redux reactions to produce 4 ATP through substrate level phosphorylation , 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH
