Chp 5 Hispanic

Question 1

General background information

Answer 1

• many hispanics like to be labeled according to their country of origin
• “latino” may be preferred term
• religion: catholicism- plays an important role

Question 2

in terms of growth

Answer 2

• Hispanics make up 17% of the overall U.S. population
• From the years 2000-2013, Hispanics accounted for MORE THAN HALF the population growth in the U.S.
• Nearly 2/3 are from MEXICO

Question 3

Recent statistics

Answer 3

• Important phenomenon in 21st century dramatic Hispanic increase in “nontraditional” states
• E.g., Wyoming (oil rigs), Iowa and Kansas (meatpacking plants).

Question 4

In California in 2013

Answer 4

• For the first time, there were an equal number of Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites
• Spanish is the new English

Question 5

When I presented a workshop in Iowa

Answer 5

• States like Iowa have many migrant Hispanic families
• They work at meat-packing plants as well as hog and turkey buildings
• Attendance of children at school is an issue due to migrancy and frequent trips back to Mexico

Question 6

We should be aware that

Answer 6

• Hispanics are descendants of NATIVE AMERICANS who settles in Americas long before Spanish conquest
• Each Hispanic country has its own holidays

Question 7

Despite social and economic disadvantages, Hispanics demonstrate

Answer 7

• Low welfare utilization
• High labor force participation
• Strong family values

Question 8

HISPANIC EDUCATION

Answer 8

• Education is very important to families; they hold teachers in high regard
• If we ask families to participate (e.g., in homework) they may be offended—that is your job—you are the teacher

Question 9

In some Hispanic countries

Answer 9

• Education is not mandatory past a certain point (e.g., 8th grade)
• Education may not be encouraged, especially for females
• $$$ is saved, not spent on education and material things
• You have to buy your uniforms and books OUT OF POCKET— PEOPLE can’t afford it

Question 10

In the U.S., statistically, Hispanic students

Answer 10

• frequently, read below “proficiency” level
• Often DROP OUT – estimated that 42% of Hispanic high school students wont graduate on time a diploma
• Increase incarceration may result

Question 11

Statistics show that

Answer 11

• Hispanic ch enrolled LESS IN PRESCHOOL than other groups
• We can encourage preschool enrollmmomsent
• Offer MOMS to stick around and VOLUNTEER

Question 12

Jackson, Schatschneider, & Leacox, 2014 (January issue of Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools):**

Answer 12

• Studied growth of vocabulary skills in young Spanish-English children in MIGRANT FAMILIES
• Concern: 50% of Latino 4TH GRADERS SCORE at or BELOW BASIC LEVEL in reading achievement

Question 13

Jackson et al. 2014 continued

Answer 13

• Children from migrant families experience risk factors
• 75% of Mexican migrants MOTHERS HAVE less than a HIGH SCHOOL education
• 70% are below the poverty line

Question 14

Jackson et al. 2014:

Answer 14

-Mexican migrant ch had the LEAST NUMBER OF BOOKS IN THE HOME and were read to less frequently (compared to African am and white ch)

Question 15

Mancilla-Martinez, J., Gamez, P., Vagh, S.B., & Lesaux, N.K. (2016). Parent reports of young Spanish-English bilingual children’s productive vocabulary: A development and validation study. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 47, 1-15.

Answer 15

• Hispanic ch 0-5 years old – largest and fastest-growing segment of U.S. population
• Most are low- SES
• Nearly 40% of ch in Head Start are Hispanic

Question 16

Mancilla-Martinez et al. 2016

Answer 16

Parent reports are a valid and cost-effective way to monitor these ch’s vocab

Question 17

CONTRASTING BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICE (hispanic culture)

Answer 17

• Collective orientation
• Interdependence
• Cooperation
• Saving face
• Relaxed w/ time
• emphasis on interpersonal relations
• Patriarchal families
• Relaxed with child devt.
• Overt respect for elderly
• Extended families

Question 18

CONTRASTING BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICE (mainstream culture)

Answer 18

• individual orientation
• independence
• competition
• being direct
• punctuality
• emphasis on task orientation
• Democratic families
• Child independence
• less value on elderly
• nuclear families

Question 19

Elizabeth Delgado-Carillo, former student:**

Answer 19

• At 4, still on bottle—normal
• In her house, 10-12 people (uncles, their wives, cousins)
• Dad has last say; makes the big choices
• Mom PG at 15, had E. at 16
• E. is first in family to attend college

Question 20

Maria Ramirez, former student

Answer 20

• Dad didn’t want mom to learn English– ↑ power. But now he likes the $$
• Some men want women to cook, clean, and take care of the kids
• She has been called a “beaner”
• Girls–virgins when they get married; out-of-wedlock PG taboo

Question 21

Janet Rangel, 2016

Answer 21

• Raised by undocumented parents
• Worked in the fields herself as a child – 100+ degrees
• Dad has a 6th grade education
• Had to interpret for her parents a lot

Question 22

HEALTH CARE AND BELIEFS REGARDING DISABILITIES

Answer 22

• Poverty a major issue—lack of health insurance—”WORKING POOR”
• May be resistance to institutionalization; family should care for those with disabilities
• Visible disability attributed to external causes such as witchcraft, evil (esp. among older, more rural Hispanics; prevalent to this day in Mexico)
• May be difficult to accept “INVISIBLE” conditions

Question 23

Other health considerations

Answer 23

• Hispanics increase 2x as likely as some other groups to live in areas with HIGH LEAD EXPOSURE
• Hispanics– 82% of FARM WORKER WORKFORCE; highest group affected by PESTICIDE POISONING

Question 24

Former students Lorena Velasco and Elizabeth Delgado-Carillo

Answer 24

• Weight management, lack of physical activity are problems
• Due to poor nutrition, lack of exercise
• Physical activities for women not encouraged; may be viewed as abnormal by community

Question 25

Former students

Answer 25

- Families may go back to Mexico to see their own personal curandero (holistic healer) for health issues - Medical procedures and supplies like antibiotics much cheaper in Mexico - Many Mexicans in the U.S. think doctors in Mexico are better than American doctors (probably language barrier is a part of that)

Question 26

IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS

Answer 26

- In meetings, address the husband first - Remember that many Hispanic mothers believe that SCHOOLING IS THE “TEACHER’S JOB;” these moms don’t always label things for children or talk directly with them—encourage parents to do LANGUAGE STIMULATION ACTIVITIES with their children (including READING) - Remember that parents are not “uninvolved;” they just respect the school system. Encourage involvement!

Question 27

Parents may not

Answer 27

relate as well to objective letters, memos, emails Personal contact better Esp. true when discussing something emotional like a ch with a disability

Question 28

Encourage parents

Answer 28

- maintain ch Spanish | - Better to hear fluent Spanish than broken English!

Question 29

Wonderful recent research (Caesar & Nelson, 2013; cited in 112 class)

Answer 29

- Migrant Hispanic families—Head Start preschoolers - Group A: bags, books, PAPER, COLORED PENCILS-BRING HOME - Group B: Just bags and books—bring home - Group A asked, on weekend, to JOURNAL in Sp and DRAW about week’s activities, bring back Monday morning

Question 30

Pre- and post-testing

Answer 30

- On measures of pre-literacy Spanish and English skills, Group A did better than Group B. - Showed: SIMPLE JOURNALING (in SP) and DRAWING PIX worked for low-ses, migrant Hispanic families with limited- no english

Question 31

Encourage parents to:

Answer 31

TALK TO and READ WITH ch

Question 32

During assessment, remember

Answer 32

Hispanic children will often provide functions rather than names of objects

Question 33

LANGUAGE AND ARTICULATION

Answer 33

- Possessives follow the noun (el perro de Juan instead of “Juan’s dog”) - Adjectives generally come after the noun (casa grande instead of “big house”)

Question 34

ASSESSMENT & INTERVENTION

Answer 34

Parent interview using the MacArthur (in book) is valid and reliable for trying to determine the presence of a language impairment (LI)

Question 35

Research—good tests for LI

Answer 35

- Language samples - Spanish Ages and Stages Questionnaire - Measures of grammaticality (children especially have difficulty with SPANISH ARTICLES and other structures linked to the VERB system)

Question 36

Ebert, 2016 ASHA:

Answer 36

- Developmental questions related to parent interaction often reflect european-american cultural value - E.g., engaging in ch- directed play - Asking ch to perform previously demonstrated skills

Question 37

Ebert, 2016 ASHA (pt 2)

Answer 37

- When we take case histories from parents, be specific in our questions - Note: “does anyone in your family have a speech-lang problem?” - Instead: “does an aunt, uncle, sibling, or grandparents have any problems with listening, talking, reading, or writing?”

Question 38

Journal of Community Medicine and Health Education:

Answer 38

Research: low-ses hispanic parents who participated in REACH OUT AND READ – child did better in school in literacy skills ROR – pediatricians give books, training

Question 39

In therapy

Answer 39

Encourage verbalization Especially encourage naming and description tasks Incorporate literacy!!

Question 40

Mendez, Crais, Castro, & Kainz (2015). A culturally and linguistically responsive vocabulary approach for young Latino dual language learners

Answer 40

- Looked at Latino preschoolers learning English - Group 1: Taught new vocab in English only - Group 2: Taught new vocab in both Spanish and English

Question 41

Mendez et al. 2015 found

Answer 41

- Ch taught in both Spanish and English has significantly higher scores in both langs than ch taught in English only - If ch taught in English only, slow rate of English oral lang development