Chapter 8 BIOL 213 > chp 8 muscles > Flashcards

chp 8 muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main classes of joints based on structure?

A

Structural and Functional

Structural joints are classified by the major connective tissue type that binds bones, while functional joints are classified by their degree of motion.

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2
Q

Name the three types of fibrous joints.

A
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmoses
  • Gomphoses
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3
Q

What characterizes fibrous joints?

A

United by fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, move little or none

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4
Q

What is a suture in fibrous joints?

A

Opposing bones interdigitate with periosteum continuity and sutural ligament

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5
Q

What is synostosis?

A

Complete ossification of sutures in adults

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6
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Membranous areas in the suture between bones

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7
Q

What defines syndesmoses in fibrous joints?

A

Bones farther apart than suture, joined by ligaments, some movement may occur

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8
Q

What is an example of syndesmoses?

A

Radioulnar joint (interosseous membrane)

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9
Q

What characterizes gomphoses?

A

Pegs that fit into sockets, held in place by periodontal ligaments

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10
Q

What are common inflammations associated with gomphoses?

A
  • Gingivitis
  • Periodontal disease
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11
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
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12
Q

What characterizes synchondroses?

A

Joined by hyaline cartilage, little or no movement

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13
Q

What are examples of synchondroses?

A
  • Epiphyseal plates
  • Sternocostal synchondrosis (first rib)
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14
Q

What defines symphyses in cartilaginous joints?

A

Fibrocartilage uniting two bones, slightly movable

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15
Q

What are examples of symphyses?

A
  • Symphysis pubis
  • Intervertebral disks
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16
Q

What characterizes synovial joints?

A

Contain synovial fluid, allow considerable movement

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17
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth surface

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18
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Lining inside of joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid

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19
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat, and phagocytic cells

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20
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to pain and swelling

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21
Q

What are bursae?

A

Pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint

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22
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of bursae

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23
Q

What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

A
  • Bursae
  • Ligaments and tendons
  • Articular discs
  • Menisci
  • Tendon sheaths
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24
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths leading to nerve compression

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25
What are the types of synovial joints based on movement?
* Uniaxial * Biaxial * Multiaxial
26
What are plane joints?
Uniaxial joints allowing limited rotation, examples include intercarpal joints
27
What characterizes hinge joints?
Uniaxial, allowing flexion and extension movements
28
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Humeroulnar joint (elbow)
29
What defines pivot joints?
Uniaxial, allowing rotation around a single axis
30
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Atlantoaxial joint
31
What characterizes saddle joints?
Biaxial, with reciprocally concave/convex surfaces
32
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Thumb joint (carpometacarpal pollicis)
33
What defines ellipsoid (condyloid) joints?
Biaxial, modified ball-and-socket joints
34
What is an example of an ellipsoid joint?
Atlanto-occipital joint
35
What characterizes ball-and-socket joints?
Multiaxial, with the widest range of motion
36
What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
37
What are the types of movement in joints?
* Gliding * Angular * Circular
38
What is flexion?
Decrease in the joint angle
39
What is extension?
Increase in the joint angle
40
What is plantar flexion?
Standing on the toes
41
What is dorsiflexion?
Foot lifted toward the shin
42
What is abduction?
Movement away from the median plane
43
What is adduction?
Movement toward the median plane
44
What is rotation in terms of joint movement?
Turning of a structure on its long axis
45
What is circumduction?
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
46
What is elevation?
Moves a structure superior
47
What is depression?
Moves a structure inferior
48
What is protraction?
Gliding motion anteriorly
49
What is retraction?
Moves structure back to anatomical position or further posteriorly
50
What is inversion?
Turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially
51
What is eversion?
Turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally
52
What are the two types of range of motion?
* Active * Passive
53
What influences active and passive range of motion?
* Shape of articular surfaces * Amount and shape of cartilage covering
54
What is the plantar surface of the foot?
The plantar surface of the foot faces laterally
55
What are the two types of range of motion?
* Active: amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction * Passive: amount of movement accomplished by some outside force
56
What factors can influence both active and passive range of motion?
* Shape of articular surfaces forming joint * Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces * Strength and location of ligaments and tendons * Location of muscles associated with joint * Amount of fluid in and around joint * Amount of pain in and around joint * Amount of use/disuse of joint
57
What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?
Combination plane and ellipsoid joint
58
What movements are associated with the TMJ?
* Depression/elevation * Excursion * Protraction/retraction
59
What is the role of the fibrocartilage disk in the TMJ?
It divides the joint into superior and inferior cavities
60
What is the primary cause of TMJ Disorders?
Cause of most chronic orofacial pain
61
What type of joint is the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
62
How does the stability and mobility of the shoulder joint compare to the hip joint?
Stability is reduced, mobility is increased
63
What movements are associated with the shoulder joint?
* Flexion/extension * Abduction/adduction * Rotation * Circumduction
64
What is the function of the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?
Rim of fibrocartilage built up around glenoid cavity; joint capsule attachment
65
What does the rotator cuff consist of?
Four muscles that, along with ligaments, give stability to the joint (SITS)
66
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Compound hinge joint and pivot joint
67
What limits movement in the elbow joint?
Shape of trochlear notch and trochlea
68
What allows for pronation and supination in the elbow joint?
Rounded head of radius
69
What type of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
70
What movements are associated with the hip joint?
* Flexion/extension * Abduction/adduction * Rotation * Circumduction
71
How does the stability of the hip joint compare to the shoulder joint?
More stable but less mobile
72
What deepens the acetabulum in the hip joint?
Fibrocartilage acetabular labrum and transverse acetabular ligament
73
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Condyloid/ellipsoid joint
74
What movements are associated with the knee joint?
* Flexion/extension * Small amount of rotation
75
What are menisci in the knee joint?
Fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface
76
What are the roles of cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
* Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): prevents anterior displacement of tibia * Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): prevents posterior displacement of tibia
77
What is bursitis in the context of the knee joint?
Slow accumulation of fluid in the joint, also known as 'water on the knee'
78
What is the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?
Tearing of the medial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament
79
What is chondromalacia?
Softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella
80
What is hemarthrosis?
Acute accumulation of blood in joint
81
What is osteoarthritis?
Caused by wear and tear to the joints; most common type of arthritis
82
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
Transient infection or autoimmune disease
83
What is joint replacement?
Prosthetic joint used to eliminate pain and damage to articular cartilage, usually due to arthritis
Chapter 8 BIOL 213
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