Chpt 1

Question 1

Biochemistry

Answer 1

The study of the chemistry of life processes

Question 2

What are all things composed of?

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

biological macromolecules

Answer 3

large molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

• Genetic material of ALL living things

- composed of 4 nucleotides in a single circular molecule

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

composed of 20 amino acids

-forms the enzyme and structural components of ALL living things

Question 6

Elvolutionary diverse organisms have similar characteristics; What are they?

Answer 6

(All life has a common ancestor)

• use same biological macromolecules (Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
• use same metabolites
• use same metabolic pathways (Glycolysis)

Question 7

Metabolites

Answer 7

lower molecular weight molecules such as glucose and glycerol

Question 8

Cell Theory

Answer 8

• organisms consist of one or more cell(s)
• the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
• all cells arise only from preexisting cells

Question 9

3 domains of life

Answer 9

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

Question 10

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

• lack nucleus
• Bacteria
• Archaea

Question 11

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 11

-contains a membrane bound nucleus

Question 12

Domain: Bacteria

Answer 12

Prokaryotic Cells:

-lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 13

Domain Archaea

Answer 13

Prokaryotic cells:

• lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• cell wall lacking peptidoglycan

Question 14

Parts of Prokaryotic cells

Answer 14

Lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles

contains:

• Plasma (or cell) membrane
• Cell wall
• Capsule (or slime capsule)
• Ribosomes (70S)
• Cytoplasm
• DNA
• Nucleoid Region
• Pili
• Flagella

Question 15

Plasma (or cell membrane):

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 15

-fluid mosaic model- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 16

Cell wall

Answer 16

Found only in prokaryotic cells
-contains peptidoglycan

Gram negative- thin layer of peptidoglycan
Gram positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 17

Ribosomes (70S)

Prokaryotic Def

Answer 17

Found in prokaryotic cells

-complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) responsible for synthesizing proteins

Question 18

Nucleoid Region

Answer 18

Found only in prokaryotes

complex of proteins and DNA

Question 19

Domain: Eukarya (parts)

Answer 19

contains:

• membrane bound organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Peroxisomes

Question 20

Domain Eukarya: Kingdoms?

Answer 20

• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 21

Kingdom Protista: what domain? info?

Answer 21

Domain Eukarya

• single cellular (with a few multicellular)
• Have groups with characteristics of other three eukaryotic kingdoms
• holding kingdom

Question 22

Parts of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 22

1) Cell or plasma membrane
2) Extracellular matrix **
3) Nucleus**
4) Nuclear Envelope**
5) Nuclear pores**
6) Nucleolus**
7) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
8) Ribosomes
9) Golgi Apparatus
10) Cytoplasm
11) Mitochondria
12) Microfilaments
13) Vacuole
14) Microfilaments
15) Centrioles
16) Lysosomes

Question 23

cell or plasma membrane (eukaryotic def)

Answer 23

• phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins

- separates cell from its environment

Question 24

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 24

only in eukaryotes

-the material in between cells that holds tissues

Question 25

Nucleus (eukaryotic def)

Answer 25

- Control center of the eukaryotic cell that holds tissues - stores DNA - Location of replication and transcription of nuclear genes in the eukaryotes

Question 26

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 26

Only found in eukaryotes -double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 27

Nuclear pores

Answer 27

Only found in eukaryotes -gaps in nuclear envelope (formed by proteins) that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus

Question 28

Nucleolus

Answer 28

Only found in eukaryotes - Dark region inside the nucleus - site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Question 29

``` Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Eukaryotic Def ```

Answer 29

Extensive network of membranes -Rough ER (rER)- with ribosome-->site of translation of membrane bound and secrete proteins -Smooth ER (sER)- lacks ribosomes --> lipid and steroid synthesis and drug detoxification

Question 30

Ribosomes | Eukaryotic Def

Answer 30

- Complex of rRNA and r-proteins - location of translation (protein synthesis) a) Free-in cytoplasm b) bound- attached to ER

Question 31

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 31

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - membrane system - modifies, packages and sorts newly synthesized proteins

Question 32

Cytoplasm

Answer 32

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - semifluid material outside nuclear envelope but inside plasma membrane - Cytosol= liquid part of cytoplasm - site of glycolysis

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - powerhouse of the cell - surrounded by double membrane a) outer mitochondrial membrane b) inner mitochondrial membrane-->folder into cristea - site of pyruvate oxidation, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain

Question 34

Microfilaments

Answer 34

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - cytoskeletal element composed of a polymer of actin - involved in cell movement, cell shape, and muscle contraction

Question 35

Vacuole

Answer 35

Found only in Eukaryotic cells -Membrane enclosed compartment within the cells

Question 36

Microtubules

Answer 36

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - Cytoskeletal element composed of polymer tubulin - involved in cellular structure and movement of organelles and chromosomes

Question 37

Centrioles

Answer 37

Found only in Eukaryotic cells -a pair of organelles that organize microtubules into spindles on which chromosomes are separated when cells divide

Question 38

Lysosomes

Answer 38

Found only in Eukaryotic cells - membrane bound organelle - contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes

Question 39

Kingdom Fungi: What domain? Info?

Answer 39

Domain Eukarya - eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing chitin - heterotrophic- by absorption - non-motile - Haplontic life cycle- adult is haploid (n), Zygote is diploid (2n)--> meiosis produces haploid spores and spores develop into adults - energy storage-Glycogen

Question 40

Kingdom Plantae: What domain? Info?

Answer 40

Domain Eukarya - eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing cellulose - Autotrophic-photosynthetic - Non-motile - Life cycle- alternation of life cycles - Energy Storage-Starch

Question 41

Kingdom Animalia: What domain? Info?

Answer 41

Domain Eukarya - eukaryotic cell lacking cell wall - Heterotrophic-ingest food - Motile-by contractile fibers- muscles - Life cycle- Diplontic-Diploid adults (2n) that produce haploid gametes (n)--> gametes are eggs or sperm - Energy storage- glycogen

Question 42

Evolutionary Diverse organisms have...

Answer 42

proteins with similar amino acid composition, shape, and function