CHPTR 20 Resources

Question 1

resources

Answer 1

useful materials for human life and civilization

Question 2

reserves

Answer 2

that part of geological resource which has been found and can be recovered economically with existing technology

Question 3

cumulative reserves

Answer 3

includes quantity already used

Question 4

sub-economic/conditional reserves

Answer 4

part that has been discovered but which is not currently economic

Question 5

hypothetical/speculative resources

Answer 5

not discovered, but estimated to exist based on statistical analysis

Question 6

ore

Answer 6

rock containing a sufficient concentration of a metallic mineral to allow economic extraction. not applied to concentrations of non-metallic materials

Question 7

concentration factor

Answer 7

= concentration of metal in ore / concentration of metal in average crust

Question 8

gravitational settling mineral deposits process

Answer 8

• heavy minerals sink to bottom of magma body

Question 9

immiscibility mineral deposits process

Answer 9

• magma cools down and minerals begin to crystallize
• mantle melt then has higher concentration of Ni and Cu
• liquid iron sulphide forms and combines with the higher concentration of Ni and Cu

Question 10

pegmatites significance to the resources chapter

Answer 10

can be a rich source of rare earth elements

Question 11

vein (iode) deposits

Answer 11

brine circulates in Earth and at high temp. can contain a lot of dissolved minerals

formed in fractures along which hydrothermal fluid flows

(looks like a vein through the rock)

Question 12

disseminated deposits

Answer 12

brine circulates in Earth and at high temp. can contain a lot of dissolved minerals

minerals distributed within the rock volume

Question 13

what texture of rock do disseminated deposits occur in

Answer 13

porphyritic

Question 14

porphyry copper deposits

Answer 14

• formed in subduction zones
• water expelled from magma as it crystallizes
• concentrates minerals

Question 15

VMS stands for

Answer 15

Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits

Question 16

VMS

Answer 16

• formed at black smokes at mid-ocean ridges
• metals leached from ocean crust by hydrothermal circulation and deposited in mounds on seafloor

Question 17

SEDEX stands for

Answer 17

Sedimentary Exhalative deposit

Question 18

SEDEX

Answer 18

rift environment
sulphides precipitate in depressions on seafloor near hydrothermal vents

Question 19

MVT stands for

Answer 19

Mississippi Valley Type Deposit

Question 20

MVT

Answer 20

• compaction of shale releases fluids (brine)
• brine dissolves limestone and precipitates ore minerals instead

Question 21

unconformity uranium

Answer 21

• uranium deposits occur between the
• Archean Sedimentary layer and Athabasca group sandstone

Question 22

BIF

Answer 22

• banded iron formation
• alternating layers of haematite and chert
• formed as oceans were oxygenated by photosynthesizing bacteria during the Archean eon

Question 23

Placer mineral deposits example

Answer 23

• gold is created at the top of a mountain
• it gets into a stream
• the stream is meandering and deposits the gold on the slower moving point bank because of the heavier weight of the mineral

Question 24

skarn deposit

Answer 24

produced through contact metamorphism - have high concentrations of ore

Question 25

mineral deposits through weathering

Answer 25

weathering redistributes minerals or removes non-mineral material to raise concentration

Question 26

How did we used to get sulpher, how do we get it now

Answer 26

mined on volcanoes by product of natural gas processing

Question 27

why do we mine potash

Answer 27

fertilizer

Question 28

what kind of nodules are present on the seafloor

Answer 28

manganese nodules

Question 29

Which country produces the most Rare Earth minerals

Answer 29

China

Question 30

Which country produces the most cobalt

Answer 30

Congo

Question 31

Which country produces the most Manesium

Answer 31

China

Question 32

petroleum source

Answer 32

aquatic plankton

Question 33

oil temperature window

Answer 33

75 - 100 degrees C

Question 34

oil depth window

Answer 34

2-4 km

Question 35

gas temperature window

Answer 35

>100 degrees C

Question 36

gas depth window

Answer 36

> 3 km

Question 37

When did Canada's sedimentary basins form (era)

Answer 37

Paleozoic, Mesozoic

Question 38

where does coal form

Answer 38

swamps/shallow seas

Question 39

sequence of coal (increasing temperature and pressure)

Answer 39

liginite, bituminous coal, anthracite

Question 40

What era is Western Canada coal from

Answer 40

mesozoic

Question 41

What era is NS and maritimes coal form

Answer 41

Paleozoic

Question 42

oil sands

Answer 42

mixture of sediment, water, bitument

Question 43

Method to mine oil from oil sands

Answer 43

SAGD - steam assisted gravity drainage steam is pumped into the oil sands, heating them up and causing them to flow

Question 44

what causes oil shale

Answer 44

source rock not subject to high temperature

Question 45

what kind of rock is oil shale typically

Answer 45

fine grained limestone

Question 46

how do we extract oil from oil shale

Answer 46

the oil shale can be heated to crack kerogen and form petroleum

Question 47

coal bed methane + extraction method

Answer 47

gas trapped in coals seams extracted with water

Question 48

shale gas + extraction method

Answer 48

gas trapped in impermeable shale extracted with hydraulic fracking/direction drilling

Question 49

methane hydrate

Answer 49

solid mixture of methan and water that requires high pressure and low temperature to be stable

Question 50

where is methane hydrate found

Answer 50

on continental shelf

Question 51

what forms methane hydrate

Answer 51

reduction of carbon dioxide by bacteria

Question 52

primary pollutants

Answer 52

emitted from identifiable sources

Question 53

secondary pollutants + example

Answer 53

formed from chemical reactions involving primary pollutant ie. smog

Question 54

What produces the majority of Canada's electricity + what percentage

Answer 54

Hydro 60%

Question 55

Capacity factor

Answer 55

= energy generated / energy generated if operated all year

Question 56

which hydrocarbon produces the least CO2 when burned

Answer 56

methane

Question 56

what renewable resource has the highest capacity factor

Answer 56

thermal energy

Question 57

Oil is formed from organic material deposited in ______

Answer 57

Marine sediments