Chr. 8 - Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

[8.1] What are the pectoral girdles?

Answer 1

A structure attaching upper limbs to the axial skeleton, composed of two bones - the clavicle and the scapula.

Question 2

[8.1] Describe the a clavicle?

Answer 2

A long bone laying horizontally across the anterior thorax that articulates with the sternum medially and the scapula laterally.

Question 3

[8.1] List the prominent features of the clavicle, their location, and their functions.

Answer 3

The conoid tubercle, found on the inferior surface of lateral end, serves as attachment for the conoid ligament.

The impression for the costoclavicular ligament, found on inferior surface of sternal end, serves as attachment for the costoclavicular ligament.

Question 4

[8.1] Describe the scapula.

Answer 4

Large triangular flat bone on the superior part of the posterior thorax.

Question 5

[8.1] List the prominent features of the scapula, their location, and their functions.

Answer 5

The spine, runs diagonally across posterior surface, ends in flattened process called acromion.

Acromion, projects at superior lateral edge of scapula, forms acromioclavicular joint.

Glenoid cavity, inferior of acromion, articulates with humerus to form glenohumeral joint.

Question 6

[8.2] How many bones compose each upper limb?

Answer 6

30 on each side, total of 60.

Question 7

[8.2] Describe the humerus.

Answer 7

Long bone, largest and strongest, most proximal to scapula.

Question 8

[8.2] List the features of the humerus and their function.

Answer 8

• Head, articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula.
• Anatomical neck, former site of epiphyseal growth.
• Greater tubercle, lateral projection distal of anatomical neck.
• Lesser tubercle, anterior projection.
• Intertubercular sulcus, allows passage of tendon and nerve.
• Surgical neck, constriction distal of tubercles.
• Body, normal bone function.
• Deltoid tuberosity, point of attachment for deltoid.
• Radial groove, contains radial nerve.
• Capitulum, projection articulating with radius.
• Radial fossa, depression above capitulum that articulates with radius during flexion.
• Trochlea, articulates with ulna.
• Coronoid process, anterior depression articulating with ulna during flexion.
• Olecranon fossa, posterior depression articulating with ulna during extension.
• Lateral and medial epicondyle, serve as attachment for tendons.

Question 9

[8.2] Describe the ulna.

Answer 9

One of two long bones of the forearm, located medial.

Question 10

[8.2] List prominent features of the ulna, and describe their function.

Answer 10

• Olecranon, forms prominence of elbow.
• Coronoid process, articulates with trochlea of humerus.
• Trochlear notch, forms part of elbow joint.
• Radial notch, articulates with radius.
• Ulnar tuberosity, attaches tendon of biceps.
• Styloid process, provides attachment to ulnar collateral ligament.

Question 11

[8.2] Describe the radius.

Answer 11

Smaller, lateral bone of the forearm.

Question 12

[8.2] List prominent features of the radius and their function.

Answer 12

• Head, articulates with capitulum of humerus.
• Radial tuberosity, point of attachment for tendons.
• Styloid process, lateral process on distal head.
• Ulnar notch, articulates with ulna at distal head.

Question 13

[8.2] What is the interosseous membrane in relation to the forearm?

Answer 13

Broad flat sheet of fibrous connective joining the radius and ulna along the shafts.

Question 14

[8.2] What are the two joints in the forearm?

Answer 14

The proximal radioulnar joint and the distal radioulnar joint.

Question 15

[8.2] What is the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 15

The articulation between the radius and three carpals - the lunate scaphoid, and the triquetrum.

Question 16

[8.2] Describe the carpus.

Answer 16

Proximal region of the hand consisting of eight small bones joined by ligaments in intercarpal joints.

Question 17

[8.2] List the carpal bones from lateral to medial and which row they inhabit.

Answer 17

Scaphoid, first row
Lunate, first row
Triquetrum, first row
Pisiform, first row

Trapezium, second row
Trapezoid, second row
Capitate, second row
Hamate, second row

Question 18

[8.2] Describe the metacarpals.

Answer 18

Bones of the palm consisting of a base, shaft, and distal head and labelled I - V lateral to medial.

Question 19

[8.2] Describe the phalanges.

Answer 19

Bones of the digits labelled proximal, middle, and distal except for the pollux which has distal and proximal.

Question 20

[8.3] What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 20

A structure composed of two hip bones, different from the bony pelvis.

Question 21

[8.3] What is the pubic symphysis?

Answer 21

The joint connecting the anterior portions of the hip bones.

Question 22

[8.3] Describe the bony pelvis.

Answer 22

A ring structure composed of the hip bones, the pubic symphysis, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Question 23

[8.3] What is the ilium?

Answer 23

Largest component of the hip bone composed of a superior wing and inferior body.

Question 24

[8.3] List the features of the ilium.

Answer 24

• Acetabulum, socket for head of femur.
• Iliac crest, superior border of ilium.
• Anterior superior iliac spine, ending of the iliac crest
• Anterior inferior iliac spine
• Posterior inferior iliac spine.
• Iliac fossa, provides attachment for tendon of iliacus.
• Iliac tuberosity, provides attachment for sacroiliac ligament.
• Auricular surface, articulates with sacrum.
• Arcuate line, ridge.

Question 25

[8.3] What is the ischium?

Answer 25

Inferior posterior portion of hip bone composed of a superior body and inferior ramus.

Question 26

[8.3] What is the pubis?

Answer 26

Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone composed of a superior and inferior ramus and a body.

Question 27

[8.3] What are the prominent features of the pubis?

Answer 27

- Pectineal line, tubercle extending superior and alterally along the superior ramus to merge with arcuate line of ilium. - Pubis symphysis, joint between hip bones consisting of a disc of fibrocartilage. - Acetabulum, deep fossa formed by three sections of hip bone functioning as a socket joint for femur.

Question 28

[8.4] What are the false and true pelves?

Answer 28

Divisions of the pelvis separated by the pelvic brim. The false pelvis is the portion superior of the pelvic brim, and the true pelvis is the inferior portion.

Question 29

[8.4] Describe the false pelvis.

Answer 29

The superior portion of the pelvic brim enclosing the lower abdomen, a portion of the urinary bladder when full, and lower intestines. In females, encloses uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes.

Question 30

[8.4] Describe the true pelvis.

Answer 30

The portion of the bony pelvis below the pelvic brim. Contains rectum, urinary bladder, vagina, and cervex.

Question 31

[8.6] How many bones are found in the lower limbs?

Answer 31

30 bones.

Question 32

[8.6] Describe femur.

Answer 32

Long heavy strong. articulate with acetabulum and tibia and patella. angle of convergence is angle of body of bone. know greater trochanter and lesser trochanter - projections that serve as attachment. linea apsera is vertical ridge for attachment of tendon.

Question 33

[8.6] Derscribe the patella.

Answer 33

Small triangular bone protecting knee joint. increase leverage of quads.

Question 34

[8.6] Describe the tibia.

Answer 34

Shin bone, weight bearing. know lateral condyle and medial condyle, articulations with femur forming tibiofemoral joint.

Question 35

[8.6] Describe the fibula.

Answer 35

Parallel to tibia and smaller. Articulates with the talus of the ankle. Landmarks include lateral malleolus.

Question 36

[8.6] What is the tarsus?

Answer 36

Ankle, consist of tarsal bones.

Question 37

[8.6] List tarsus bones

Answer 37

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiform bones (first, second, third), and cuboid.

Question 38

[8.6] Describe the metatarsi.

Answer 38

Intermediate bones of footconnecting the phalanges with the tarsus, numbered I - V

Question 39

[8.6] Describe the phalanges of the foot.

Answer 39

Digits extending from the metatarsi composed of phalangeal bones.

Question 40

[8.6] Describe the arches of the foot.

Answer 40

Arches held in place by ligaments and tendon, responsible for distributing weight and supporting the weight of the body. Longitudinal arch lays in anterior-posterior direction and consists of a medial arch and lateral arch. Transverse arch formed by navicular, third second first cuneiforms, and the base of metatarsusussles.