What are the three outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Restoration of full tissue health
- Scarring/fibrosis
- Inability to clear damage/eradicate infectious agent leading chronic inflammation
What cells are key to the resolution of acute inflammation?
Macrophages
What indicates a macrophage has moved from the pro-inflammatory phenotype to the pro-healing phenotype?
Different types of cytokines are secreted
What acts as a stimulus to signal the resolution of inflammation for macrophages?
Apoptotic cells
Outline the mechanisms of fibrosis
*
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
- Mononuclear cells
- Tissue destruction
- Angiogenesis and fibrosis
What are the primary mediators of acute inflammation?
- IL-1
- TNF
- Vasoactive amines
- Prostaglandins
What are the primary mediators in chronic inflammation?
- IFN-γ
- T cell cytokines
- Growth factors
What are the effects of T lymphocytes secreting cytokines in a chronic inflammatory response?
- Macrophage recruitment into the area
- Production of inflammatory mediators
- Recruitment of other lymphocytes
- Destruction of target cells
What are the effector mediators of chronic inflammation?
- TGF-β
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Metalloproteinases
What is the role of TGF-β?
- Chemotaxis and proliferation of fibroblasts
- Stimulation of fibroblasts
- Fibrosis
- Strongly immumosuppressive
What is the role of metalloproteinases?
Remodelling of the extracellular matrix
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Inflammation caused by the aggregation of tissue macrophages
When does granulomatous inflammation occur?
In fungal infections and allergic reactions to beryllium
How does TB shield itself from the rest of the immune system?
The bacteria live inside macrophages
What is the relationship between TB and HIV?
1/3 of people living with HIV are infected with HIV
What are the critical hosts for HIV within the body?
CD4 T cells and macrophages
What is multiple sclerosis characterised by?
CD4 T cells recognising proteins of the myelin sheath
How can obesity activate the inflammasome?
It can cause mitochondrial damage which activates the inflammasome
How can obesity stimulate macrophages?
Fatty acid overload stimulates macrophages
How can macrophages support cancer growth?
- tumour associated macrophages mistake the tumour as a tissue which needs to be rebuilt
- presolving macrophages drive tumour growth
- Support metabolically by inducing angiogenesis
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Introduction to disease23
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Environmental Disease Causes21
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Genetic Disease29
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Introduction to the immune system17
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Cells of the Immune System25
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B cells and antigen recognition38
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T cells40
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Generation of Diversity in immune system32
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Communication in the immune system44
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Immunopathology56
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The Cells involved in inflammation33
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Mediators of Inflammation26
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Chronic inflammation22
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Diabetes18
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Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation12
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Cellular Responses to Injury0
