Human Bio - Unit 1 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(72 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells; removes wastes from cells (like CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Right side of heart

A

body (atria) -> lungs (ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Left side of heart

A

lungs (atria) -> body (ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Prevents backflow between the right atrium and ventricle
3 cusps
flaps of thin tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bicuspid valve

mitral valve

A

Prevents backflow between the left atrium and ventricle
2 cusps
flaps of thin tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

Heart strings that attach to valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Contract to pull on the chordae tendonae to open the valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cardiac cycle & phases

A

Sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart - lasts 0.8 seconds

PHASES
Systole - heart muscle contracts -> pump blood
Diastole - heart muscle relax -> fill with blood (AV valves open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of Systole

A

Atrial systole -> atria contract forcing blood into ventricles (AV valves open)

Ventricular systole -> ventricles contract forcing blood into aorta or pulmonary arteries (semilunar valves open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Blood pressure measured

machine, numbers and usual bp

A

sphygmomanometer

Larger number - systolic bp

Smaller number - diastolic bp

usually 120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carotid artery

A

heart -> head
internal and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Jugular vein

A

head -> heart
internal and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mesenteric

A

Heart -> intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of blood

A
  • carries oxygen and nutrients to individual cells
  • remove carbon dioxide and other wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood composition

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements (blood cells & platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plasma

A

main way requirements and wastes are transported around the body

  • liquid pale yellow colour part of blood
  • mixture of water (91%) and dissolved substances (nutrients & gases)
  • carries hormones & antibodies around body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Red blood cells

A

a.k.a. Erythrocytes

- transport oxygen and co2
- biconcave disc filled with haemoglobin which binds oxygen to carry it around body
- increases surface area to allow more oxygen
- flexible so it can fit through capillaries
- don’t have nucleus -> more room for haemoglobin
- live for approx 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

White blood cells

A

a.k.a. leucocytes
all types play a role in protecting body from infection
- larger than RBC but fewer in number
- has a nucleus that determines the type
- can live from a few minutes to years - depending on if we have infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are the blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Platelets

A

a.k.a. Thrombocytes

  • irregular small cell fragments
  • no nucleus
    - adhere to lining of injured blood vessel to form a scaffold for the coagulation of blood to form a clot
  • lives about 7 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antigen

A

molecules found on the surface of cells that can stimulate the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins made in response to a foreign antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells due to an antigen-antibody interaction.

This gets the blood cells stuck in capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Semilunar valves

A

between ventricles and arteries
3 cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What makes the heartbeat sound
the valves closing
26
What is the heart
the pump that pushes blood around the body
27
Heart structure
- walls is cardiac muscle - enclosed by pericardium membrane *(holds heart in place, allows it to beat, prevents from overstretching)*
28
Double pump purpose
Blood is pumped twice through heart as it **loses pressure** after going to **lungs**
29
Pulmonary circulation
Heart pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and then back to heart
30
Systematic circulation
Heart pumps blood to the rest of the body to deliver oxygen and bring carbon dioxide back to the heart
31
Arteries | walls, muscle, lumen, pressure
**away** from heart *mostly oxygenated* - muscular - elastic fibres - smooth muscle - small lumen - variable pressure
32
Elastic fibres in artery
- stretch to accomodate extra bp at high pressure - recoil when ventricles relax (bc pressure decreases)
33
Smooth muscle in arteries | vasoconstriction and vasodilation
*contract or relax to regulate blood flow* **vasoconstriction** - smooth muscle contracts - reduces blood flow to organs **vasodilation** - smooth muscles relax (blood vessels dialte) - increases blood flow to organs
34
Veins
**towards** heart *mostly deoxygenated blood* - not many muscular or elastic fibres *(can't vary diameter)* - large lumen - bp is constant and relatively low ***(blood loses most pressure through capillary bed)*** - many veins have valves
35
Smaller arteries
arterioles
36
Smaller veins
venules
37
Capillaries | function and efficiency
- *network of microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules* -> increase surface area - one cell thick -> carry blood very close to cell for efficient exchange
38
Sinoatrial node
contracts **atrium** located in the wall of right atrium below superior vena cava - initiates heartbeat - acts as a pacemaker
39
Atrioventricular node
Contracts **ventricles** Located near the two atria near the ventricular valves
40
How do the nodes regulate heart rate?
they are capable of initiating nerve impulses without outside influence of a nervous system
41
Sequence of events in a heartbeat
- SA node sends out impulses that spread through atria - stimulus reaches AV node, same time contraction of atrium begins - AV node sends out impulses which travel down muscle fibres into ventricle *(fibres in septum, then fibres divide into 2 branches and then to a network of fine nerve fibres for each ventricle)* - impulses spread through muscles of ventricles -> contraction begins
42
Heart rate
number of times heart beats per min
43
Stroke volume
Volume of blood forced from the ventricles with each contraction *greater stroke volume -> lower heart rate usually*
44
Cardiac output | definition and formula
amount of blood leaving one of the ventricles each minute ***cardiac output (mL/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL)***
45
Blood pressure
force blood exerts on walls of arteries
46
Factors affecting blood pressure
- cardiac output (more = more pressure) - diameter of vessels (constriction increases pressure) *any increase in heartrate will also increase bp and vice versa*
47
Where are RBC destroyed
in the liver and spleen
48
Types of WBC
- neutrophils - monocytes - lymphocytes - basophils - eosinophils
49
Neutrophils
***most common*** engulf pathogens by **phagocytosis** and digest them with **enzymes**
50
Monocytes
circulate in blood **form other cells** *(like macrophages - engulf pathogens and aged/damaged cells by phagocytosis)*
51
Lymphocytes
**Involved in immune response** - cell-mediated immunity uses T-lymphocytes - antibody-mediated immunnity uses B-lymphocytes
52
Basophils
responsible for **allergic reactions** produce heparin and histamine to fight against parasites and bacteria
53
Eosinophils
lead to **inflammatory responses** respond to larger parasites (e.g. worms)
54
Structure of granulocytes
granular cytoplasm lobed nucleus
55
Monocytes and lymphocytes structure
- spherical nucleus - agranular cytoplam
56
Blood Clotting Stages
1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels 2. Platelet plug 3. Coagulation
57
What is surface of RBC covered in?
sugar (antigens) and protein molecules (rhesus) that can stimulte immune system
58
Blood transfusion
involves blood (or a blood product) from a donor being injected directly into patient's bloodstream
59
What can antigen and antibody combine to do
to form a complex and cause a reaction
60
Sugar antigens
Antigen A Antigen B
61
Protein antigens
Rh antigens (**rhesus)**
62
Rhesus positive vs negative
**Rh +** -> person with Rh antigens **RH -** -> person without Rh antigens
63
Whole blood transfusion
- taken from donor but with chemical added to prevent clotting - used mainly in cases of sever blood loss
64
Red cell concentrates - transfusion
most widely used component of blood - spin blood very high speed in **centrifuge** - heavier cells sink to bottom, lighter plasma left at top - *WBC and plasma may be removed*
65
What might red cell concentrates be used
- suffering heart disease - severe anaemia plasma may be given to patients requiring extra clotting factors to control sever bleeding, or to liver disease patients
66
Platelet concentrates
given to patients who have abnormal platelets or reduced number
67
Cryopreciptate
obtained by freezing plasma and thawing it slowly cyroprecipitate still remains solid after plasma is thawed **contains substances necessary for blood clotting** - haemophilia - sever bleeding
68
Immunoglobulins
**group of proteins that act as antibodies** - extracted from blood - used for patients deficient in antibodies *e.g. tetanus immunoglobin -> to treat tetanus*
69
Autologous transfusion
**patient's own blood is used** - blood is collected prior to operation (elective usually) that may require transfusion - eliminates risk of transmission of disease and most possible side effects of usual transfusions
70
State what would happen if blood vessel became blocked
- blood wouldn't reach heart muscle - heart wouldn't be able to recieve oxygen - heart may die
71
What happens if oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood | 3 marks
right side has deoxygenated, left has oxygenated oxygen levels in blood are lowered need to prevent it to ensure body will recieve oxygen rich blood
72
How are blood types determined
blood types are determined by the **presence or absence of antigens** on the cell membrane (RBC)
Human Bio - Unit 1
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions