CKD

Question 1

CKD is defined as:
A. GFR <60 mL/min for 1 month
B. Kidney damage for ≥3 months
C. Serum creatinine >2 mg/dL
D. Proteinuria for 2 weeks

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A patient with CKD is likely to have:
A. Low phosphate
B. High calcium
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The most common modifiable risk factor for CKD worldwide is:
A. Smoking
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Obesity

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The most common cause of anaemia in CKD is:
A. Iron deficiency
B. Haemolysis
C. Reduced erythropoietin production
D. Blood loss

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Broad waxy casts on urine microscopy suggest:
A. Acute glomerulonephritis
B. CKD
C. UTI
D. Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Which is a non-modifiable risk factor for CKD?
A. Obesity
B. NSAID use
C. APOL1 gene variant
D. Excess salt intake

Answer 6

C

Question 7

Shrunken echogenic kidneys on ultrasound suggest:
A. AKI
B. CKD
C. Obstructive uropathy
D. Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 7

B

Question 8

Which electrolyte abnormality is life-threatening in CKD?
A. Hyponatraemia
B. Hyperkalaemia
C. Hypocalcaemia
D. Hypophosphataemia

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Shrunken echogenic kidneys on ultrasound suggest:
A. AKI
B. CKD
C. Obstructive uropathy
D. Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 9

B

Question 10

Uraemic pericarditis presents with:
A. Loud S1
B. Pericardial rub
C. Systolic murmur
D. Gallop rhythm

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Nephritic syndrome is characterized by:
A. Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day)
B. Severe hypoalbuminaemia
C. Haematuria with RBC casts
D. Hyperlipidaemia

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Cola-colored urine following sore throat suggests:
A. Minimal change disease
B. IgA nephropathy
C. Membranous nephropathy
D. FSGS

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Rapidly progressive GN is associated with:
A. ANCA
B. Hyperlipidaemia
C. Hyperalbuminaemia
D. Low creatinine

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Post-streptococcal GN typically shows:
A. Low complement levels
B. High complement levels
C. Normal C3
D. Hypercalcaemia

Answer 14

A

Question 15

Indication for urgent haemodialysis includes:
A. Mild anaemia
B. Controlled hypertension
C. Refractory hyperkalaemia
D. Asymptomatic elevated creatinine

Answer 15

C

Question 16

The hallmark pathological finding in nephritic syndrome is:
A. Podocyte effacement
B. Glomerular inflammation
C. Tubular necrosis
D. Interstitial fibrosis

Answer 16

B

Question 17

A major complication of nephrotic syndrome is:
A. Bleeding
B. Thrombosis
C. Hypernatraemia
D. Neutropenia

Answer 17

B

Question 18

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children:
A. FSGS
B. Membranous nephropathy
C. Minimal change disease
D. Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 18

C

Question 19

Nephrotic syndrome is defined by proteinuria:
A. >1 g/day
B. >2 g/day
C. >3.5 g/day
D. >5 g/day

Answer 19

C

Question 19

A major complication of nephrotic syndrome is:
A. Bleeding
B. Thrombosis
C. Hypernatraemia
D. Neutropenia

Answer 19

B

Question 20

Severe hypoalbuminaemia causes oedema due to:
A. Increased oncotic pressure
B. Reduced hydrostatic pressure
C. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
D. Increased lymphatic drainage

Answer 20

C

Question 21

Lipid profile in nephrotic syndrome typically shows:
A. Low cholesterol
B. High LDL
C. Low triglycerides
D. Normal HD

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome:
A. Minimal change disease
B. FSGS
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. IgA nephropathy

Answer 22

C

Question 23

Xanthelasma in nephrotic syndrome is due to:
A. Hypoalbuminaemia
B. Hyperlipidaemia
C. Anaemia
D. Vasculitis

Answer 23

B

Question 24

A CKD patient with confusion and flapping tremor likely has: A. Hypoglycaemia B. Uraemic encephalopathy C. Stroke D. Hyponatraemia

Answer 24

B

Question 25

CKD mineral bone disorder is caused primarily by: A. High calcium B. High vitamin D C. Phosphate retention D. Low PTH

Answer 25

C

Question 26

A patient with periorbital oedema, massive proteinuria, and normal BP likely has: A. Nephritic syndrome B. Nephrotic syndrome C. CKD stage 5 D. Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 26

B

Question 27

Facial puffiness worse in the morning suggests: A. Heart failure B. Liver failure C. Renal cause D. Hypothyroidism

Answer 27

C

Question 28

CKD is asymptomatic mainly in: A. Stage 1–2 B. Stage 3b C. Stage 4 D. Stage 5

Answer 28

A

Question 29

Facial puffiness worse in the morning suggests: A. Heart failure B. Liver failure C. Renal cause D. Hypothyroidism

Answer 29

C

Question 30

A CKD patient with confusion and flapping tremor likely has: A. Hypoglycaemia B. Uraemic encephalopathy C. Stroke D. Hyponatraemia

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Which drug class slows CKD progression? A. NSAIDs B. ACE inhibitors C. Aminoglycosides D. Contrast agents

Answer 31

B

Question 32

Uraemic frost is caused by: A. Hypercalcaemia B. Urea crystal deposition on skin C. Hyperlipidaemia D. Anaemia

Answer 32

B

Question 33

The best initial screening test for CKD in a hypertensive patient is: A. Renal biopsy B. Serum electrolytes only C. Urine dipstick for protein D. CT scan abdomen

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Where there is minimal change disease, memebranuous nephropathy , which kind of kidney syndrome is this? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Nephritic syndrome C. Nephritic- Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 34

A

Question 35

IgA nephropathy and post infection nephropathy is a A, nephrotic syndrome B.nephritic syndrome C. Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome

Answer 35

B

Question 36

Focal segment glomerulosclerosis Mesangiocapillary GN is a A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Nephritic syndrome C. Nephritic- nephrotic syndrome

Answer 36

C

Question 37

Diabetes nephropathy Lupus Erythema nephritis Renal Amyloidosis Hep. A and Hep. B infections and HIV are a A. Primary glomerular disease B. Secondary glomerular disease C. Nephritic syndrome

Answer 37

B