Why is nursing research important
3
What does it focus on
- It is the foundation of your professional practice
- It is integral to meet the challenge of providing quality care (e.g., improve patient outcomes)
- National and provincial expectations to provide safe, competent, evidence-informed care
Pt outcomes / Issues
When was evidence based practice introduced and its importance
What is it
Evidence based NURSING Refers to incorporation of? 4
Acknowledges what factors beyond evidence 5
Nurses role 5
- Formally introduced as EBM in 1992
- Moving away from reliance on “the way it was always done” which can be found in almost every profession
A problem-solving approach to practice that incorporates a systemic search for and critical appraisal of the most relevant evidence to answer a clinical question
- Research findings,
- Clinical expertise,
- Client preferences
- Any resource to make an informed decision about client
- Indigenous knowledge
- Cultural norms
- Clinical judgment/expertise (front line workers)
- Expert opinion
- Patient preferences
- Acquire EIP competencies
- Read and critique evidence-informed literature
- Generate and explore researchable questions
- Participate in the conduct of research and dissemination
- Attend to ethical principles of research
Promoting depth in nursing research
-How do you promote depth and how do you build more evidence 2
Replication of studies is necessary to build more empirical evidence
Replication promotes generalizability of study findings to incorporate into practice
Is there evidence for a genetic link between stress and depression?
Caspi paper is on what?
How many times was it cited
What was discovered when trying to replicate the data
Culverhouse says what about true findings
Caspi et al., (2003) Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Cited more than 4000 times since 2003
98 research groups analyzed data to try and replicate the finding
* could not find a link between the serotonin genes, depression and stress *
Culverhouse “That’s why it’s so important to have true replication studies. Findings that are true will be replicated.”
Historical Development
-1850 to the present on nursing research 4
- Promotion of health, prevention of disease, care of the sick
- Publications showcasing nursing research
- Growth of advanced nursing education programs (Master’s, PhD across Canada)
- Initiatives to support/fund nursing studies
Canadian Research Priorities (CIHR) 5
Enhanced Pt experiences/outcomes through health innovation
Health of Indigenous peoples
Preventive action toward a healthier future
Improved QOL (quality of life) for those with chronic illness
Reducing health disparities in underserviced communities or populations (e.g., rural/remote)
International Research Priorities (WHO)
- focused on?
- 5 examples
some of the current priorities globally
Prevent malaria deaths Eradicate polio Reduce measles mortality Mobile health for development Innovation of health finance
5 steps and describe
Knowledge gap
- ask questions that require answers from experts
- Lack of theoretical/empirical knowledge
Knowledge generation
- questions are devised about phenomenon
- quantitative/qualitative methods used to answer questions
Knowledge distribution
5 steps and describe
Knowledge gap
- ask questions that require answers from experts
- Lack of theoretical/empirical knowledge
Knowledge generation
- questions are devised about phenomenon
- quantitative/qualitative methods used to answer questions
Knowledge distribution
-Knowledge is shared with profession through formal or informal reporting (papers vs internet and media)
Knowledge Adoption
- new knowledge used to alter practice
- used to develop policies and protocols
Knowledge Review and revision
- New health issues lead to new questions
- old knowledge revised or excluded
- New questions need new research
Research Article 2 vs. Clinical or Scholarly Article 5
Clinical or Scholarly Article
- “How-to” guide
- Overview of a process or concept
- Summary of guidelines or implications
- Case report
- Information about a new process, technique, standard, or review
Research Article
- Follows the steps of the research process
- Not a “how to” but answers a question with all the components of research clearly presented
What is Ontology
what is Epistemology and 3 questions it asks
The study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence.
Branch of philosophy that deal with what is known to be “truth”
“What is knowledge?”
“How is knowledge acquired?”
“How do we know what we know?”
Research Paradigms
What is a Paradigms
Name 3 sets of beliefs and practices
how does it help the researcher
Paradigm comes from “pattern”
Sets of beliefs and practices (Table 2.1 p. 27)
- Post-positivism
- Critical Social Theory
- Constructivism
Guide researcher’s choice of Methodology
-i.e., Our values influence the choices we make in our aim to develop new knowledge
Post-Positivism
- what basis of research is it
- describes what
- values what
- What Ontology , what Epistemology
- Acknowledges?
Is the basis of most quantitative research
Assumption that a material world exists and can be sensed (e.g., seen, touched, heard) and measured
Values objectivity
Objectivist epistemology, Realist ontology
Acknowledges the potential for fallible observation and error… theory is revisable
Constructivism
- what basis of research is it
- describes what
- values what
- What Ontology , what Epistemology
- Acknowledges?
Is the basis for most qualitative research
Assumption that phenomenon can only be explored through the eyes of the people who live it
Values subjectivity
Subjectivist epistemology, Relativist ontology
The main assumption is that reality is and the way in which we understand our world is dependent on our perceptions
Critical Social Theory
- what basis of research is it
- describes what
- What Ontology , what Epistemology
- Acknowledges?
Basis for both quantitative and qualitative research (e.g., participatory action research)
Assumes that reality is constructed by those with the most power throughout history
Contextual epistemology and ontology
Understanding health and illness within the context of social, historical, political, economical, cultural factors, and social justice
Matching research goals with research philosophy
What is Pragmatism
3 points of it
thinking of or dealing with problems in a practical way, rather than by using theory or abstract principles.
- Different research methods accomplish different goals
- The research question will guide the choice of methodology
- Methods can be combined when this approach is compatible with the research goals
Quantitative Research
- Describes what and how
- Research questions involve? 4
- 6 steps?
Systematically describes a phenomenon
- Testing relationships
- Assessing group differences
- Clarifying cause-effect interactions
- Explaining effectiveness of specific interventions
Step 1 -identify research purpose and question Step 2 -review literature to see what is known Step 3 -Identify framework and explain how concepts relate Step 4 -Choose study design Step 5 -Select sample and measure concepts Step 6 Analyze data and report if hypotheses true/false
Qualitative Research
- Creates what
- Research questions focus on
- 7 steps
Create meaning about a phenomenon
Meaning
Understanding
Lived experiences
Step 1
-Identify research purpose and question
Step 2
-Select small group who experienced phenomenon of interest
Step 3
-Conduct interviews about phenomenon of interest or observe group
Step 4
-Analyze data and look for recurring themes
Step 5
-Review literature
Step 6
-Conduct more interview and observations until no new themes occur (saturation)
Review literature again?
Step 7
-Summarise findings and describe human experience
Mixed Methods Research
-what is it
Combining research methods
“..research in which the investigator collects and analyzes data, integrates the findings, and draws inferences using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study….”
What is deductive and inductive reason
Deductive is quantitative, going from theory to research
Inductive is qualitative going from research to theory
What is a theory
“A theory is a set of interrelated concepts that serves the purpose of explaining or predicting phenomenon” (Lobiondo-Wood et al., 2018, p. 41).
A blueprint or a guide for modelling a structure
What is a theoretical and conceptual framework
A theoretical framework provides structure for conceptual relationships that already exist in the literature; a ready-made map for the study.
(Already known)
A conceptual framework is a structure of concepts, theories, or both pulled together as a map for the study.
Researcher’s theory of the interrelation between concepts
(new research)
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Class 122
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Class 2 Penz material30
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Class 2 PICO, Searching CINAHL and APA Citation14
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Class 310
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Class 419
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Class 719
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Class 819
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Class 8 Penz, K. & Duggleby, W. (2011).12
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Class 912
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Class 9 Eley, Eley, Bertello, & Rogers-Clark (2012). Why did I become a nurse? Personality traits and reasons for entering nursing.13
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Class 11 CADTH7
