Class 10

Question 1

What is thrombosis

Thrombosis

Answer 1

Clotting of WBC’s into aggregate of blood cells and fibrin

Question 2

What is fibrin

Thrombosis

Answer 2

Polymerized fibrinogen

Question 3

What is a thrombus?

Thrombosis

Answer 3

Network of filaments binding blood cells to form plug (thrombus)

Question 4

What promotes thrombosus?

Pathogenesis

Answer 4

Clotting factors and Platelets

Question 5

What counteracts thrombosus

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

Endothelial cells and plasmin

Question 6

Intravascular coagulation is the result of which three things?

Pathogenesis

Answer 6

1. Coagulation proteins
2. Endothelial cells
3. Platelets

Question 7

What is the main coagulation protein and how does it work?

1) Coagulation proteins

Answer 7

Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 8

What is the role of endothelial cells in coagulation?

2) Endothelial Cells

Answer 8

Can initiate thrombosis by through activation by cytokines (inflammation)

Question 9

Normal resting endothelial cells have what kind of function in regards to coagulation?

2) Endothelial cells

Answer 9

Have antithrombotic function

Question 10

What is the role of platelets in coagulation?

3) Platelets

Answer 10

Neutralize anticoagulation factors and secrete thromboxane

Question 11

What does Virchow’s triad entail?

Pathogenesis of Thrombi

Answer 11

Virchow’s Triad:
1. Endothelial Cell injury
2. Hemodynamic changes
3. Hypercoagulability of whole blood

Question 13

How can Endothelial cell injury cause pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of Thrombi

Answer 13

Inflammatory mediators cause endothelium to lose antithrombotic properties

Question 14

How can hemodynamic changes cause pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of thrombi

Answer 14

Slow blood floow results in sedimentation and small thrombi not dissolving

Question 15

What is the role of hypercoaguability in pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of thrombi

Answer 15

fluid loss cause thicker blood/higher chance for clotting

Question 16

How are Thrombi classified?

Classification

Answer 16

Based on location or gross appearance

Question 17

Intramural thrombi

Classification

Answer 17

Endocardium - wall of heart chambers

Question 18

Valvular Thrombi mimics what?

Classification

Answer 18

Mimics endocarditis (bacterial infection of valve)

Question 19

Arterial thrombi

Classification

Answer 19

In arteries
Could be atherosclerosis or aneurisms.

Question 20

Venous Thrombi are common in?

Classification

Answer 20

Common in varicose veins
could lead to thrombophlebitis.

Question 21

Microvascular Thrombi

Classification

Answer 21

In arterioles, capillaries, venules

Question 22

Red (conglutination) thrombi

Classification

Answer 22

Red thrombi in small vessels

Question 23

Layered (sedimentation) thrombi

Classification

Answer 23

Layered appearance from Lines of Zahn
(Cellular elements and fibrin)

Question 24

Occlusive thrombi can be?

Fate of Thrombi

Answer 24

Recanalized

Question 25

Thrombi that break become what? ## Footnote Fate of Thrombi

Answer 25

Emboli

Question 26

Emboli can block blood vessel, potentially leading to what? ## Footnote Fate of Thrombi

Answer 26

Infarction

Question 27

What causes ischemia ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 27

Occlusion of lumen of b.v.

Question 28

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction? ## Footnote Clinical Correlation

Answer 28

Thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries

Question 29

What causes chronic heart failure? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 29

Slow narrowing lumen - Decreased blood flow - hypoxia, reduced function

Question 30

What is it called when a thrombus detaches and becomes free-flowing in blood? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 30

Embolus

Question 31

What is an infarct caused by? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 31

Most caused by thrombi or thromboemboli

Question 32

What is a major cause of stroke? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 32

Cerebral infarct

Question 33

What is an infected thrombus that breaks off called? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 33

Septic emboli

Question 34

How are emboli classified ## Footnote Classification (emboli)

Answer 34

What they are made of

Question 35

What is a Thromboemboli ## Footnote Classification of emboli

Answer 35

Thrombi carried by venous or arterial blood

Question 36

What is liquid emboli ## Footnote Classification of emboli

Answer 36

Fat emboli following bone fracture

Question 37

What is a gaseous emboli ## Footnote Classification of emboli

Answer 37

Gas bubble emboli, air injected in veins

Question 38

What is solid particle emboli made of? ## Footnote Classification of emboli

Answer 38

cholesterol, tumor cells, bone marrow

Question 39

All emboli can occlude blood vessels, causing what? ## Footnote Clincal Correlations

Answer 39

Ishcemia - reduced blood supply to organs

Question 40

What is the most clinically significant emboli type, while all others are rare? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 40

Thromboemboli

Question 41

What usually happens due to a venous emboli? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 41

Typically lodge in pulmonary artery causing pulmonary embolism

Question 42

What do arterial emboli commonly cause? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 42

Ischemia in spleen, kidneys, intestines

Question 43

Where do arterial emboli typically lodge? ## Footnote Clinical Correlation

Answer 43

medium-sized arteries Middle cerebral artery

Question 44

What are Renal infarcts associated with? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 44

Hematuria

Question 45

What can Intestinal infarcts cause? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations

Answer 45

Gangrene of intestines

Question 46

What is an infarction ## Footnote Infarction

Answer 46

Sudden insuffiency of blood to an area causing necrosis

Question 47

What are the two origins and two colors of infarctions

Answer 47

Arterial - white Venous - red

Question 48

What is a white/pale infarct? ## Footnote Classification of Infarctions

Answer 48

Blockage in artery reducing blood supply to organs Cause white tissues

Question 49

What is a red infarction? ## Footnote Classification of infarctions

Answer 49

Venous blockage causing pooled blood and red appearance

Question 50

The fate of infarcts depends on what 3 factors? ## Footnote Fate of Infarcts

Answer 50

Anatomic Site Circulatory status Capacity for repair

Question 50

Can ischemic necrosis of post-mitotic cells (e.g. heart) be repaired ## Footnote Fate of infarcts

Answer 50

No - only replaced by scar tissue

Question 51

Can necrotic brain cells be repaired? ## Footnote Fate of infarcts

Answer 51

No - liquefactive necrotic tissue reabsorbed leaving clear cyst

Question 52

Can mitotic tissue and facultative mitotic tissue (e.g. liver) be repaired ## Footnote Fate of infarcts

Answer 52

Yes with relatively few defects

Question 53

Large infarcts can be impossible to regenerate completely, resulting in what? ## Footnote Fate of infarcts

Answer 53

Scarring Loss of function