What is mood and affect
- mood and affect are human emotional experiences
- mood is the internal subjective experience
- affect is the outward expression of mood
What are three mood disorders
- major depressive disorder
- bipolar one
- > disorder manic episode without major depressive disorder
- bipolar two
- > hypomanic disorder with a major depressive episode
Describe bipolar illness
- it is cyclical in nature
- bipolar illness one
- > characterized by one or more manic or mixed episodes
- bipolar illness two
- > one of more depressive episodes and at least one episode of hypomania
Are psychotic features present in bipolar illness
- yes
- > they are more likely in bipolar than in depression
- psychotic features are often associated with mania
- > mania is grandiose thinking, power or specialness
What is the gold standard medication for bipolar disorder
- lithium(mood stabilizer)
- > it is the gold standard to treatment for bipolar
-long term use of lithium is hard on kidney function
What does the DSM 5 diagnosis depression as
- it cites the loss of interest and pleasure in life activities and impairments in social, occupational and other important areas of life
- it also included vegetative shifts
- > eg; sleeping and eating patterns are disrupted
Are all individuals experience of depression the same
- no
- > there are different experiences for different people
- > it is not always synonymous with the diagnostic criteria
Is there a strong link between mood disorders and suicide
-yes
What are most common form of treatment for depression
- medication: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- > eg; mirtazapine
- ECT(electro convulsive therapy)
- > this is the application of low intensity electrical stimulation to induce a generalized seizure
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- > uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression
-there is also cbt, act, psychoeducation and behavioural activation
What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
-Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is an intervention for people with bipolar disorder. Its primary focus is stabilizing the circadian rhythm disruptions that are common among people with bipolar disorder
What is the difference between emotion and feeling
emotion
- > a full system response
- > they consist of more than how we feel
feeling
->a more basis, surface level, involves quick judgements about whether something is good/pleasant/desired or unpleasant/bad unwanted
What is emotional dysregulation
- inability, even when one’s best effort are applied, to change or regulate emotional cues
- > or to experience actions, verbal responses and or non-verbal expressions under normative conditions
Can people who name their emotions more effective at managing them?
-yes
How can we as an OT help an individual identify an emotional response
- look into the physical response
- look into thoughts
- are there other times that you felt like this?
What is mindfulness
- recognized as a key skill in managing emotion
- > you pay attention to the present moment or experience
- > there needs to be a non-judgemental attitude
- mindfulness requires the repeated effort of letting go of judgements
- > also letting go of attachment to current thoughts, emotions, sensations, activities, events or life situation
What is the difference between informal mindfulness and formal mindfulness
- informal is bringing mindfulness to whatever task you are doing
- > for example, reading, playing an instrument or going for a walk
-formal mindfulness is setting aside time to practice set mindfulness strategies
What is anxiety
- a common emotion that we experience
- it is an adaptive response to threatening or harmful stimuli
- > it results in our body getting ready to defend
When does anxiety become a disorder
- anxiety becomes a disorder when its level is so high that our protective fear response is prolonged
- > the fear response is incongruent with the perceived threat level in the environment
- > we can no longer function
What is seperation anxiety
-it is excessive fear or anxiety related to being separated from home or the place of primary attachment
What is selective mutism
- cannot speak in social situation in spite of being able to in other situations
- > it is related to high social anxiety
What is phobia
- it is marked fear about an object or situation
- >there are high levels of anxiety regarding encountering of that fear
What is social anxiety
- people experience intense fear about being judged in social situations
- > these social situations do hold a potential to be judged or scrutinized
What is a panic attack
- it is diagnosed when an individual experiences recurrent unexpected panic attacks
- > it is a fast surge in fear that can peak in minutes
- > it is accommodated by intense physiological response from the body
What is agoraphobia
- characterized by fear or anxiety in at least two of five situations
- > public transportation
- > open spaces
- > enclosed spaces
- > standing in line or being in a crowd
- > being outside the home alone
