Model
A set of assumptions and concepts that allow the user to make broader predictions
Criterion Validity
Relates to other measures or constructs
- Concurrent: Two measures taken at the same time
- Predictive: Early measure predicts later measure
Steps to Maximize Veracity (6)
- Item phrasing
- Create trust
- Standardize administration
- Multiple forms of assessment
- Understand strengths and weaknesses of tools
- Understand broader context of assessment
Symptom
A specific piece of information about a client’s ailment
Disease
A set of symptoms with known cause/mechanism
Disorder
A set of symptoms believed to be a disease but without a known cause
Syndrome
A set of symptoms that occur together without a known cause
Hills 3 Stage Model of Helping Relationships
Exploration (Discover what’s happening)
Insight (Provide insight)
Action (Figure out course of action)
Control group that later receives treatment
Waitlist Control
Assessing Internal Validity (6)
- Selection bias/differences (Are the groups different?)
- Attrition
- Experimenter Bias
- History
- Maturation
- Regression to the Mean
Areas Affected by Mood Disorders (5)
Emotions, Motivations, Cognitions, Behaviors, and Physical Being
Criteria and Prevalence for MDD
- 5 symptoms lasting >2 wks
- 15-20% over lifetime
Depression Drugs
- Tricyclics: Delayed effects, blurred vision, sexual disfunction, constipation
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Fatal rise in BP
- SSRIs: Sexual disfunction, weight gain
- Serotonin-NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): Same as SSRIs
Other biological treatments for depression
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Reformulated Learned Helplessness
Cognitive theory of depression (Seligman)
Beck’s Cognitive Theory
Recognize negative thoughts and begin to change them
