1
Q
Christi Reed
A
Notes
2
Q
Psychology Study of Mind
A
- Group studies (btw subject)
- Correlational data
- Mentalistic approach
- Pre-post tests
- Inferential stats: to determine if there is a statistical effect
- HUMAN subject
3
Q
EAB: BX own right
A
- Within-subject designs
- Objective measurement
- Operation definition of IV
- Repeated measures
- Visual analysis (maybe Descriptive stats: Mean, Median, Mode, Measures of variability)
- Often non-humans
4
Q
EAB is Useful to Behavioral Pharmacology
A
EAB procedures can produce predictable response rates at will, which can be used as baselines for studying the effect of drugs on BX
5
Q
PAVLOV
A
-Discovered principle of Respondent Conditioning
6
Q
Zavadski
A
-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on respondent conditioning
7
Q
Skinner and Heron
A
- Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on Operant Conditioning
- Result: More responding in drug sessions than in Placebo sessions
8
Q
Cook & Weidley
A
- Evaluated Thorazine’s effects on avoidance VS. Escape bx. Became screening tool for antipsychotic effects
- Thorazine disrupted avoidance bx but not escape bx
9
Q
Contributing Factors to Behavioral Pharmacology
A
1) Bx Analysis: Respondent Conditioning, Evaluate some effects of drugs
2) Drug Abuse & Addition
3) Concerns with chemical Containments/Toxins
4) Treatment of Mental Illness
10
Q
Psychotropic Meds
- Prescribed specifically to reduce prob Bx
- Types of Psychotropic Drugs
A
- Typical antipsychotics
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Anxiolytics
- Antidepressants
- Tranquilizers & Sedatives
- Mood-stabilizers
- Anti-seizure medication
11
Q
How we name Drugs
A
- Chemical: Chemical structure
- Generic: Bx effects
- Trade/Brand: Therapeutic effects generation
12
Q
Brand Vs Generic?
A
- The active ingredient gets a generic name
- The marketed drug gets a trade/brand name
- Limits production of a drug to specific drug co. that owns the patent
- After a period of time, propriety ownership expires; the drug goes public
- It may now be marketed by various companies under its original generic name but the inactive ingredient maybe different & affect absorption
13
Q
Classification of Drugs
A
1) Therapeutic Use: Anti: psychotic, depressant, anxiety
2) Bx Effects: Stimulants, sedatives, Hallucinogens
3) Generation: 1st typical older, 2nd atypical newer
14
Q
Common Routes of Administration
A
- Oral
- Intra-muscular
- Topical
- Other ways: Subligual, Inhalation, Intravenous
15
Q
Distribution: Where Does the drug go?
A
1) Circulatory System: Bind with Proteins
2) Depot Binding: Bone, Fat
3) Brain: Via blood brain barrier
16
Q
Biotransformation
A
- Changing a drug molecule to a metabolite
- Occurs in the liver & sometimes GI Tract
- Metabolites more/less powerful than non-metabolized drug
- Excretion: the elimination of either a drug or a metabolite from body
17
Q
Kinetics
A
1st order Kinetics and Half-Life
- How much of a drug can be metabolized & excreted over time
- E.g. a drug has a half-life of 2 hrs if 1000 mg
- 2 hrs later: only 500 mg
- 4 hrs later 250mg
- 8 hr later 125mg left
18
Q
Dose Response Curve
A
- Measures the effect of the drug (on Bx) related to dosage level
- Dose on the x axis (horizontal) & effect on the Y axis (vertical)
- From Low (where there is no effect) to High where increases in dose have no further effect (& ranges in btw)
- Different Doses of drugs to ppl of different weights
19
Q
5 Types of Tolerance
A
1) Metabolic: Enzymatic Tolerance. Drug increases enzyme production
2) Cell: Cells @ site of action react less to drug
3) Behavioral: Learn to engage is Bxs Similar to when drug is not present
4) Cross: Some Drugs produce tolerance to other drugs
5) Compensatory: US (drug) -> UR (drug effect)
CS )Stimuli paired with drug). -CR (opposite effect). Note: can result in overdoses
20
Q
Drug Interactions
A
1) Additive: Same as sum of individual drugs taken individually
2) Infra-additive: Total effect is less than sum
3) Supra-additive: Total effect is greater than sum
21
Q
Drug Effects
A
- Effective Does (ED): X% of tested pop. exhibit relevant change
- Lethal Dose (LD): Dose @ which X% of tested pop. are killed
3) Therapeutic Index (TI) = LD/ED
4) Potency: X milligrams to make a given effect
5) Peak Efficacy: Max Effect
22
Q
Dependence:
- Physical
- Withdraw Syndrome
A
1) Physical: Change in Physical status when stop taking a drug. Termination of the drug produces….
*Withdraw Syndrome: Will produce effects that are ______ the drug effect
Ex: If taking Xanax 2x a day for several months then abruptly stop you may experience lots of Anxiety: Panic attacks, increased respiration
Ex 2: Morphine/synthetic opiates for pain, abruptly stop may experience flu like symptoms, upset stomach, sensitivity to pain, disrupted sleep
23
Q
Dependence
2) Psychological Dependence:
A
- Reinforcer
- Spend a lot of time taking it & seeking it
E.g. Caffeine
- Produces: Increase in heart rate, Alertness, Increase activity, athletic performance (in some), decrease in sleep, Vaso constriction in the Brain
- Withdraw: Decreases in: Heart rate, Alertness, Activity (become more sedentary), increase in sleep, produces vase dilation (Vasculature system): Expand & press up against nerves in the Brain = Headaches
24
Q
Dependence E.g:
KLONIPIN (Brand Name)
A
- A Benzodiazepine used as an oral Anticonvulsant: also use das an anti-panic agent in the treatment of panic disorders, also used for Bx control
- Withdraw: Increases Seiures!!
25
Dependence E.g: Morphine
* Strong Reinforcer: A lot of time taking & seeking it
* Decreases in pain sensitivity, Constriction of pupils, decrease in respiration, constipation
- Should taper off of it!
* Withdraw: Increase in pain sensitivity, pupil dilation, rapid/shallow respiration, diarrhea
26
4 Basic Facts of Drugs:
1) Drugs are Does dependent (does response curve)
2) Drugs are time dependent
3) Drugs have multiple effects
4) Drugs can be toxic (@ high enough doses)
27
Some Types of Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine: Movement & reinforcing effects
- Serotonin: Antidepressants
- Norepinephrine (NE): Released in activity
- Epinephrine: adrenaline
- Endorphins: Pain perception
- Acetylcholine (Ach): @ neuromuscular junctions involved in movement
- GABA: Maintaining a workable tone in the brain - produced stability in neurons
28
Behavioral Pharmacology is the combination of _______ & _________
*EAB & Pharmacology
29
Chemicals that effect living tissues are ________ & __________
*Psycho-active & psychotropic
30
What is a drug?
a) A chemical that effects Bx
b) A chemical that effects living tissues
c) A chemical that passes the blood brain barrier
d) A chemical that effects mental activity or perception
B) A chemical that effects living tissues
31
Which of the follow ways are drugs used (Classified)?
a) Chemical structure, Behavioral effects, Therapeutic use & Generation
b) Brand, Generic, psycho-Active & Psychotropic
c) Psychotropic, Anti-Anxiety, Anti-Depressant
d) Tranquilizer, sedative Or antidepressant
a) Chemical structure, Behavioral effects, Therapeutic use & Generation
32
Tolerance is the _____ in a drug effect due to repeated administrations so a person has to take ________ doses to get the same effect
a) decrease, lower
b) increase, higher
c) decrease, lower
d) decrease, higher
d) Decrease higher
33
What is the order of the 4 stages of a fate of a drug?
a) Administration/absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
b) Administration, distribution, bioavailability, excretion
c) Kinetics, bioavailability, Half-line, excretion
d) None of these
a) Administration/absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
34
An effect of a drug, which is opposite to the expected effect of the drug is called a/an:
a) idiosyncratic reactions (IDR)
b) Tolerance
c) Paradoxical drug effect
d) Supra-additive
c) Paradoxical drug effect
35
8) Drugs can have multiple effects. They can function as reinforcers and punishers
a) True
b) False
c) Don't do drugs
a) True
36
When do heroin users OD? In _________Env (friend's bathroom) because it has not built up any conditioned stimulus properties so no conditioned compensatory reactions to that - so the will OD-due to the lack of _______ at the higher dose
a) Unconditioned, unconditioned responding
b) Conditioned, History
c) Unconditioned, history
d) Conditioned, unconditioned responding
e) Unconditioned, history
C) Unconditioned, history
37
If you want to know about the interaction effects of drugs, you should:
a) Calculate the additive, infra-additive and supra-additive effects
b) Ask the pharmacist
c) Ask the prescribing psychiatrist
d) Ask the parent or guardian
e) Any/all of the above
f) Ony A & B
b) Ask the pharmacist
38
The higher the therapeutic index the _______ the drug
a) Safer
b) Risker
c) Less effective
d) More effective
a) Safer
39
The maximum effect produced by the drug is known as:
a) Peak efficacy
b) Potency
c) Lethal dose
d) Effective dose
a) Peak Efficacy (What drug will do the most for me)
40
Potency is:
a) How effective the drug is
b) The percentage of population that can die from the drug
b) The percentage of population that can die from the drug
c) How many milligrams to make a given effect
d) None of the above
c) How many milligrams to make a given effect: # of milligrams per kilograms it takes to produce effect
41
If drug A takes 10 mg (per kg) to have an effect & drug B takes 20mg (per kg) to have an effect. which drug is more potent?
a) Drug A
b) Drug B
c) It depends on administration
d) It depends on the rate of absorption
a) Drug A
42
Withdraw Syndrome: Will produce effects that are _____ the drug effect
Opposite
43
Some drugs function as Eos, Risperadal an antipsychotic has what EO effect?
a) Increased in thirst (water seeking bx)
b) Increased heart rate
c) Increase in hunger (weight gain)
d) Evokes pacing
c) Increase in hunger (weight gain)
44
Some drugs function as Ans, Stimulants such as Ritalin or adder all have what AO effect?
a) Decrease the value of water
b) Decrease the value of social stimuli
c) Decrease the value of food
d) All of the above
e) A & B only
c) Decrease the value of food
45
20) Neurons communicate by releasing:
a) Electrons
b) Neurotransmitters
c) Dendrites
d) Magic
b) Neurotransmitters
(Chemicals release from pre-synaptic neuron to the synapse then bind with a receptor on a neuron & stimulating or inhibiting it)
46
21) Parkinson's diseases has a deficiency in _____ which effects ______
a) Norepinephrine/movement
b) Serotonin/memory & recall
c) Dopamine/movement
d) Endorphins/mood & memory
c) dopamine/movement
47
The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration
a) Dose response curve
b) Distribution
c) Biotransformation
d) Bioavailability
d) bioavailability
48
Psychotropic medications are prescribed specially when someone has a _______ which has been deemed necessary to reduce
a) Mental problem
b) Mental diagnosis
c) Bx problem
d) Disorder
c) bx problem
49
The active ingredient gets the ______ name
d) Generic name
50
The vertical axis will often represent a continuous measure, such as response rate, Latency to respond, or percentage performance compared to a control group
a) True
b) False
c) It depends on the Dose
a) True
51
If a client with epilepsy is taking a benzodiazepine used as an oral anticonvulsant & suddenly stops taking it. What is a likely withdrawal effect?
a) Maintain low rates of seizures (no change)
b) Increase in seizures
c) Decrease in panic responses
b) Increase in seizures
52
which drug was used to treat mental illness that allowed ppl to move out of institutions?
a) Valium
b) Thorazine
c) Prozac
d) Ritalin
b) Thorazine
53
The Generic name (active ingredient) goes public after the patent on the brand names expires. Which of the following in Not true?
a) Can have up to a 20% difference in the rate & amount of absorption
b) Is exactly the same
c) Can effect Bx & symptoms differently
d) The inactive ingredients Maybe different
b) Is exactly the same
54
The shorter the half life the _____ frequently you have to take the drug. The longer the half life the _______ often you have to take it
A) Less/more
B) More/less
b) More/less
55
Which of the following are true regarding the Chronic use of drugs?
a) Short term use, for immediate need/use (emergencies)
b) Long term use, for immediate need/use (emergencies)
c) Short term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective
d) Long term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective
d) Long term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective
56
April Rowland
Notes
57
Behavioral Pharmacology
* Combination of two Fields:
- EAB (experimental analysis of BX)
- Pharmacology (study of drugs)
* Characteristics of EAB:
- BX is imp in its own right
* Behavioral (dimension)
58
Characteristics of EAB
- Behavioral
- Objective definition of DV
- Operational definition of IV
- Repeated, continuous measure across time
- Visual inspection of graphs
- Often studying non-human animals
59
*EAB Vs. Traditional Psychology
- Within subject vs. Btw subject
- Visual inspection vs. Descriptive statistics
- Evaluate cause of variability Vs. Seeks to eliminate variability
60
EAB focuses on human Bx of Social significance
a) True
b) False
b) False
61
*Factors Leading to Development of BC Parm.
| Behavioral Pharmacology developed in part due to several factors:
- Use of Bx analysis procedures to evaluate drug effects
- Increase in drug abuse awareness
- Concerns of environmental toxins from drug developments
- Development of drugs to treat mental illness (thorazine)
62
Pavlov
-Discovered principles of Respondent Conditioning
63
Zavadski
-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on respondent conditioning
64
Skinner & Heron
-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on Operant Conditioning
65
Cook & Weidley
-Evaluated Thorazine's effects on avoidance Vs escape Bx. Became screening tool for antipsychotic effects
66
Respondent conditioning & Operant conditioning are useful in the evaluation of drug effects because they:
a) Indicate lethal dosage
b) Provide a predictable baseline
c) Identify the behavioral problem
d) Mimic the data produced from group designs
b) Provide a predictable baseline
67
*DRUGs!
- Chemicals that effect living tissues
* 2 Broad Categories!
- Psychoactive: Effects the body or BX
- Psychotropic: Prescribed for a particular reason
68
What's in a Name?
C17H19CIN2S
-Chemical
69
Chlorpromazine
a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name
b) Generic name
70
*Thorazine
a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name
c) Trade name
71
Methylphenidate hydrochloride
a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name
b) Generic name
72
Concerta
c) Trade name
73
Drugs!
Chemical structure
E.g: Amphetamines, Adderall includes both a levoamphetamine & dextroamphetamine
74
Drugs!
| Behavioral Effects
e.g Stimulant, Sedative
75
Therapeutic Use
e.g. Antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant
76
Generation
-Antipsychotic (typical and atypical)
77
4 drugs effects
1) Are dose dependent
2) Are time dependent
3) Have multiple effects
4) Are toxic at high enough doses
78
Dose and Time dependent
-The effects of time on drugs varies based on administration
79
Drugs, like any stimulus can have what effects?
- Have multiple effects
- Are toxic at high enough doses
- Can have Reinforcing, punishing, establishing, abolishing
80
Chronic Use of Medications
- Long-term use of a drug
| - Often when environmental manipulations alone have been ineffective
81
Role of Behavior Analyst
- Train relevant data
- Train caregivers to monitor & take data on relevant effects/side effects
- Attend medication management meetings when possible
82
Acute Use of Medications
| WHY?
-Short-Term use of a drug
-For immediate need
Emergency use behavioral, medical, short-term use, Pre-medication
83
The main effect of a drug is determined based on:
A. Potency
B. Diagnosis-based on therapeutic use
C. Peak efficacy
D. Doctor preference
B. Diagnosis-based on therapeutic use
84
Side effect and toxic effect are different.
A. True
B. False
A. True-
Side effects are other effects seen at not lethal/toxic doses. Toxic effects are signs to look for as it means too much of the drug has been delivered
85
Pharmocokinetics
-Administration
- Oral
- Intra-muscular
- Intra-venous
- Inhalation
- Sub-lingual
- Sub-cutaneous
- Topical
- Anal
86
Pharmocokinetics
-Distribution
Drugs travel through...
*The blood stream/circulatory system
- Small arteries -> capillaries -> extracellular
fluid (ECF) at site of action
*Some drugs can release more slowly through binding to:
-Proteins (protein binding)
-Fat/bone tissue (Depot binding)
87
Pharmocokinetics
-Biotransformation
Drug Molecule - Enzymes in Liver or Gastro-intertinal (GI) Tract -Metabolites
88
Pharmocokinetics
Excretion
Elimination from the body of drug metabolites.
Can be excreted through:
§ Skin, lungs/respiration, kidneys/urine
How long does it take...related to kinetics of the drug!
89
0-order kinetics involves _____ of drug being metabolized per unit of time; 1st order kinetics involves _____ of drug being metabolized per unit of time.
A. Half; a fixed amount
B. a fixed amount; a fixed percentage
C. a fixed percentage besides 50%; 50%
B. a fixed amount; a fixed percentage
90
Jean is takes 800mg of a drug with a half-life of 2 hours. How many hours will it take for Jean to eliminate 600mg of this drug?
A. 1 hour
B. 4 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 30 minutes
B) 4 hours
91
* Reactions to Drugs:
| - Idiosyncratic Reactions
* Type 2 or Type B effects
* Unrelated to noted effects or properties of the drug
* Impact small % of individuals
* Often immune related
92
Reactions to Drugs:
-Paradoxical Reactions
* Opposite then expected
* Maybe accompanied by side effects
e. g. Some sedatives may cause insomnia
- Amphetamines may produce sleepiness
93
*Tolerance
-Metabolic Tolerance: Enzymatic tolerance, Drug itself increases enzyme production
-Cell Tolerance: Cells @ site of action react less to drug
-Behavioral Tolerance: Learn to engage in Bxs similar to wen drug is not present
-Cross Tolerance: Some drugs produce tolerance to other drugs
-Compensatory Reaction: US (drug) -> UR (drug effect)
CS (Stimuli paired with drug) -> CR (Opposite effect)
94
Drug interactions are additive if their effects together are the sum of their effects taken separately. Therefore drug interactions are infra-additive when their effects together are _____ the sum of their effects taken separately.
A. Less than
B. Greater than-This is _____
C. Double
D. None of these
A) Less than
95
*Effective Dose
- ED
- Effective Dose
- The Dose @ which X% of tested pop. exhibit relevant change
- ED 50 of a drug to increase appetite: Dose under which 50% increase caloric consumption by 10%
96
*Lethal Dose
* LD
- The dose at which X% of tested pop. are killed by the drug
- LD50 of a drug: Dose under which 50% are killed by the drug
97
*Therapeutic Index
- TI
- LD50/ED50
- If ED50 drug A is 0.1 mg/kg & LD50 of Drug A is 190 mg/kg then the TI is 1900
98
The _____ the TI the safer that drug likely is.
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Neither, TI is not related to safety
a) Higher
99
The maximum effect of Drug A is greater than Drug B.
Which of the following is true of Drug A?
A. It is more potent than Drug B
B. It has a higher peak efficacy than Drug B
C. It has a higher therapeutic index than Drug B
D. It is more likely to be prescribed than Drug B for this effect
B. It has a higher peak efficacy than Drug B
100
Dependence
*Physical dependence
- Termination of drug produces Withdrawal syndrome
| - Will typically produced effects that are Opposite of drug effects
101
Dependence
-Psychlogical dependence
*Drug functions as a reinforcer for drug seeking & taking
102
Which of the following are true of psychological dependence?
A. Characterized by physiological withdrawal
B. Not present if there is physical dependence upon a drug
C. Describes maintenance of drug- seeking and drug-taking by access to that drug
D. All of these
C. Describes maintenance of drug- seeking and drug-taking by access to that drug
103
```
When Felix has taken cocaine he tends to seek out social interactions and tell more jokes. This is likely due to which of the following functions of cocaine effects?
A. SD for reinforcement
B. EO for reinforcement
C. EO for punishment
D. Reinforcement
```
B) EO for reinforcement
104
```
When Jasper stopped being prescribed methylphenidate he continued to attempt to obtain it from his friends who had a prescription. This was sometimes successful. Jasper’s drug-seeking is likely due to which of the following functions of methylphenidate?
A. SD for reinforcement
B. EO for reinforcement
C. EO for punishment
D. Reinforcement
```
D) Reinforcement
105
*More on Neurotransmitters
- These are Chemicals that are released into the synapse
* Name some:
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- GABA
- Epinephrine
106
Occupies a receptor site but does not operate it. Serves to block or inhibit.
A. Agonist
B. Partial agonist
C. Antagonist
C) Antagonist
107
EAB is characterized by which of the following?
A. Use of pre- and post-tests for evaluation
B. Objective descriptions of measurement systems
C. Interest in behavior as a means of evaluating internal states
D. Reliance on inferential statistics to identify effects of relevant variables
B. Objective descriptions of measurement systems
108
```
Occupies and operates the receptor site.
A. Agonist
B. Partial agonist
C. Antagonist
D. None of these
E. A and B, but not C
```
E) A and B, but not C
109
Which of the following is true of peak efficacy?
A. This is the maximum effect of the drug
B. A drug can have a higher peak efficacy but lower potency
C. The higher the peak efficacy the lower the dose necessary to achieve a set effect
D. All of these
E. A and B, but not C
E) A and B, but not C
110
Pavlov is a relevant figure in behavioral pharmacology because:
A. Respondent conditioning can be used as a behavioral baseline
B. Operant learning can be stopped altogether by medication
C. Drugs generally reduce the likelihood that a conditioned reflex may be established when pairing stimuli
A. Respondent conditioning can be used as a behavioral baseline
111
Skinner and Heron found that:
A. Caffeine increased rates of behavior over placebo
B. Caffeine suppressed responding compared to placebo
C. Drugs have no effect on operant behavior
A. Caffeine increased rates of behavior over placebo
112
The pole-jumping test for anti- psychotics looks to identify if a drug disrupts ____, but leaves _____ intact. A. States of psychosis; personalities
B. Avoidance behavior; escape behavior
C. Operant conditioning; extinction effects
D. Respondent conditioning; unconditioned responses
B) Avoidance behavior; Escape behavior
113
Which of the following ways of naming drugs are non-prescribers least likely to use?
A. Chemical
B. Trade
C. Generic
A) Chemical
114
Which of the following is a type of methylxanthine:
```
A. Theobromine
B. Theophylline
C. Caffeine
D. All of these
E. A and C, but not B
```
D) All of these
115
Caffeine-Pharmocokinetics
Administration -> Distribution -> Biotransformation -> Excretion
* Commonly Administered: Orally
* Primary site of Action: Brain
*Biotransformation from liver enzymes
Excreted primarily through kidneys/urine
116
Which of the following is true of caffeine?
A. Effects include vasodilation
B. Half life is approximately 2-4 hours
C. Cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
D. Biotransformation occurs primarily in the lungs
B. Half life is approximately 2-4 hours-Approximately 3 hours
117
Caffeine-Neuropharmocology
- The neurotransmitter that caffeine impacts & results in increased alertness is adenosine
- By acting as an Antagonist
118
Caffeine Effects Vs Withdrawal Effects
- Increased heart rate Vs. Decreased heart rate
- Decreased sleep Vs. Increased sleep
- Increased alertness Vs. Decreased alertness
- Increased endurance Vs. Decreased athletic performance
- Vasoconstriction Vs. Vasodilation
119
The mechanism of caffeine tolerance Dr. Blakely describes is called:
A. Upregulation
B. Depot binding
C. Reuptake inhibition D.Compensatory reaction
A.Upregulation-Cell creates additional adenosine receptors
120
Schizophrenia-Symptoms and Theory
Theories:
- Too much Dopamine (Oldest theory)
- Too much Dopamine in some areas; too little in others
*Positive Symptoms:
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
Negative Symptoms:
-Flat affect
-Anhedonia (Loss of Pleasure from preferred activities)
-Avolition (Lack of goal-directed Bx)
121
Antipsychotic Classification
- 1st Generation/Typical: Typically dopamine antagonist e.g: Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Prolixin
- 2nd Gen/Atypical: E.g. Risperdal, Zyprexa, Clozaril
- 3rd Gen/Atypical: May function as a dopamine partial agonist E.g: Abilify
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