1
Q
Sigmund Freud (1900-1940)
- mental health = ______
- ___ ______ cited this formula, but Freud implied it
- In _________ (Freud, 1930), he wrote: ______
A
- mental health = “to love and to work”
- Erik Erikson (1950, 1985) cited this formula, but Freud implied it
- In Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud, 1930) he wrote: “the communal life of human beings had, therefore, a two- fold foundation: the compulsion to work, which was created by external necessity, and the power of love…”
- “Where the id was, there shall ego be.” (Freud, 1932)
2
Q
What was the first psychoanalytic essay?
A
A Preliminary Communication (Freud & Breuer, 1893)
3
Q
What did A Preliminary Communication (Freud & Breuer, 1893) conclude?
A
- hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences
- memories and feelings had not been lived through in an ordinary way
- if symptoms were traced to their origins, and the client was made away of the meaning of the originating experiences, feelings would be discharged in a cathartic way. This would cause symptoms to disappear
4
Q
Who was Anna O. and what work was she included in?
A
Bertha Pappenheim; one of the major foundational contributors to social work
-basic theory was outlined in greater detail in Studies on Hysteria (Freud and Breuer, 19985) although she was first mentioned in A Preliminary Communication
5
Q
Why was there a delay in treatment of Anna O and publishing the case?
A
part in due to Anna O. having an intense erotic transference, which led to an abrupt end of treatment and Breuer leaving the field. This was before theories of transference and countertransference were developed.
-Breuer ended his collaboration with Freud shortly after Studies on Hysteria in part to Freud’s turn in sexuality
6
Q
How did Breuer view memories?
A
detached due to an altered state of consciousness on the part of the client
7
Q
How did Freud view memories?
A
detachment of memories was due to actual content and feelings of the pathogenic memory being too disturbing, unacceptable, and in conflict with the individual
8
Q
From 1895-1905 an explosion of ideas occurred for Freud, with analysis emerging as a separate field from hypnosis. What did Freud feel about hypnosis?
A
He became less interested in hypnosis, while recognizing its ability to circumvent defense.
Hypnosis gave the client intellectual- but not experiential- knowledge of the repressed memory/feeling
9
Q
Topographic model (Interpretation of Dreams, Freud, 1900)
A
- unconscious- containing unacceptable ideas and feelings
- preconscious- containing acceptable ideas and feelings that are capable of becoming conscious
- conscious- containing those ideas and feelings in awareness at any particular time
10
Q
Freud’s (1900) definition of dreams
A
“the disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes…”
“the royal road to the unconscious”
11
Q
Dreams exist on the border of ________ and ______ (Freud, 1900)
A
unconscious and preconscious
12
Q
Freud created a taxonomy of symbols. Describe Freud’s thoughts on symbols and meaning.
A
- symbols don’t give you access to the meaning of the dream
- only associations of the dreamer, not the interpreter, the meaning of the dream can be known
- there are repetitive things Freud noticed, but the meaning behind what those symbols mean can only be accessed by the dreamer’s associations
13
Q
4 main operations at work in a dream (Freud, 1900)
A
- condensation
- displacement
- representability or scenification (drama of the dream)
- secondary revision- very important, how we revise or make sense of the dream
14
Q
How did Freud try to personally understand dreams?
A
- undertook self-analysis to understood his own neurotic symptoms, analyzing his own dreams and detailing his findings to his friend, physician, and quasi-analyst, Wilhelm Fleiss
- By 1895, Freud felt he had understood the secret of dream information
15
Q
Dreams are the disguised fulfillment of conflictual wishes (Freud, 1900), how did Freud expand on this statement
A
- Just as hypnosis, in dreams the dynamic force that is typically responsible for preventing conflictual wishes from becoming conscious is weakened
- Overt wishes are not displayed, as sleep would be disturbed
- Instead, a compromise is struck in which the wish finds expression, albeit in a disguised form; this is accomplished through a compromise between the force that propels the wish and the force that seeks to prevent the wish form emerging into consciousness
- the latent dream thought is the true meaning of the dream, and its distorted form, the one which the dreamer experiences, is the manifest dream content
- condensation, displacement, symbolism are used to distort the true content of the dream and string these seemingly meaningless contents into a story, which is called secondary elaboration (or revision) helps throw the dreamer even further off-track
16
Q
Interpreting Dreams (Freud, 1900)
A
- each aspect of the manifest dream content is isolated and associated to
- associations help expose the memories, thoughts, and feelings of the dreamer, as experienced through condensation, displacement, and symbolism
- eventually, associations coalesce into the nodal latent dream thoughts
17
Q
Freud’s work with dreams led to his basic understanding of:
A
how symptoms form (e.g. slips of the tongue), which are though compromises between the unacceptable thought and feeling and the defense against it
18
Q
What method did Freud try to implement while he was working with dreams?
A
- he began noticing similarities in types of repressed memories; Freud noticed that clients were experiencing further symptoms even after the cathartic method was employed (adapted from Breuer)
- After further inquiry, Freud found that events he had thought were the original precipitating even were actually preceded by an earlier traumatic event
19
Q
Freud found that there was also a series of similar events that all needed to be exhumed. Explain/ describe
A
- these similar events originated from one event, the latter of which need to be discovered to prevent the return of future symptoms
- these early events seemed to occur before age 6 and were typically sexual in nature
20
Q
Describe Freud’s early work on childhood sexuality.
A
- led him to one of his most controversial theories, infantile seduction
- infantile seduction: neuroses are result of premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child
- child’s innocence prevents expression of distress until after the child experiences his/her own sexuality via puberty
- puberty allows these early memories to re-emerge as neurotic symptoms fueled by enormous pressure
21
Q
Freud’s reflection on his father’s death in 1896 led him to revise his theory of infantile sexuality. Describe this change.
A
- he recognized his infantile attraction to his mother and competition with his father, and subsequent sense of victory following his father’s demise
- he had not been seduced, but instead had wished for it
- In a letter to Fleiss in 1897, Freud concluded that it was unlike so may of his patients (upper middle class Viennese backgrounds) had experienced premature sexual experiences as children
- Instead, he announced to his friend that these experiences were wishes and longings
- theory of infantile seduction changes to infantile sexuality
22
Q
Free association became the method for _______
A
dismantling the defense (unlike hypnosis, which just lulled the defense for a time)
23
Q
Free association
A
“act as though… you were a traveler sitting next to the window of a railway carriage and describing to someone inside the carriage the changing views you see outside (Freud, 1913, 135)”
- it allows the therapist ot see the client’s wishes while keeping their defenses active and addressable
24
Q
Interpreting ____ and ___ is important, as they reflect _____
A
transference
resistant
problem itself in the client
25
Freud's theory of sexuality led to the creation of what concept? (Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud, 1905)
- instinctual drive
| - this theory would influence all subsqeuent theory development
26
Freud's theory of instinctual drive is usually divided into two dimensions. Describe
(Mitchell and Black, 1995; Gill and Holzman, 1976)
1. a psychology of sexuality, self-preservation, and aggression
2. metapsychology that concerns the distribution and regulation of psychic energy and dynamic forces
degree to which these two dimensions are separate from one another remains controversial
27
Influenced by thinkers such as Newton and Darwin, Freud theorized that the mind is an apparatus that discharges stimuli that impringe upon it. There are two types of stimuli:
- external- example: predator; thee stimuli can be avoided
| - internal- example: hunger; these stimuli build, and include sexual instincts
28
The mind is structured to _____, _____ and _____ the stimuli (Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud, 1905)
contain, control, discharge
29
Tensions arise through a variety of parts, namely the source, aim, and object of drive; describe how source, aim, and objects are related (Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud, 1905)
Source and aim are inherent properties of the drive, with objects being discovered through experience
30
Example of the relationship between source, aim, and object of drive (Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud, 1905)
oral libido arises in the oral cavity (source), creates a need for sucking activity (aim), and becomes targeted towards and attached to something, such as breast (object) for satisfaction
31
Concentration of nerve endings of certain bodily parts underlies their function as sources of libidinal drives. What are these zones called and what is important about them?
- erogenous zones
- different zones are activated at different parts of the child's life, and become emotional center of experience for child
32
What are the 4 epigenic stages organized around the zones?
- Oral
- Anal
-Phallic
(Latency)
-Genital
33
Freud believed that initially a 3-4 year old is oblivious to the function and gender diversity of genitals, believing everyone to have identical parts. This helps account for what?
why the phallic stage is pre--genital, as a child might assume the penis and clitoris are equivalent
34
component instincts
(Freud)
| many tributaries to sexuality, there isn't just one unifying source of sexuality
35
Sexual impulses don't begin as genital, instead being shaped by other areas of the body in large part due to experiences of the 1st year of life. How does childhood sexuality find expression in adult life?
- neurotic symptoms (disguised childhood sexuality)
| - perversion (undisguised childhood sexuality)
36
Some sexual drive impulses persist as _____ before the ultimate goal of __________.
foreplay; genital stimulation
37
Sexual drive impulses are objectionable to the adult mind, and are channeled into ________.
sublimated or aim-inhibited forms of gratification
38
Elaborate defenses are erected to ensure_____ of drive impulses, or else they are ________.
Diverted into harmless activities
39
Compromises are made between drive and impulse. Consider these presentations (2):
- one who is orally dependent or orally aggressive
| - one who is anally expulsive or anal retentive
40
The centerpiece of Freud's theory of childhood sexuality is the ________ ______.
Oedipus complex
41
Describe the Oedipus complex
- Age 5-6, the pre-genital components of the child (orality and anality) are included under a genital authority
- The parent of the opposite sex becomes the object of desire for the child, whereas the parent of the same sex is viewed and feared as a rival.
- Freud (1923) later added the notion of negative Oedipus complex, which means the child takes the parent of the same sex as an object the parent of the opposite sex as a rival)
42
The state of the child's _______ organizations will significantly impact the course of the resolution of the Oedipus complex.
Give example of oral fixation and one of anal fixation.
- pre-genital
- Oral fixation: might find in Oedipus complex involving dependency issues
- Anal fixation: anal themes such as sexuality punctuated by notions of domination and control
43
How is Oedipus complex resolved? Provide an example.
- castration anxiety
- a boy wishes to remove the threat of the father by castrating him, and it is the fear that the father will do this to the boy that allows for the conflict to reach its close, as the child renounces his Oedipal ambitions
44
What is Freud's female version of castration anxiety?
penis envy
45
Freud (1923) introduced the concept of superego. What is an important component of this?
- ego-ideal
- "the heir of the Oedipus complex
- signifies the internalization of parental values and holds infantile sexuality in check
46
Mitchell and Black (1995) note that the ______ is the single unifying concept that makes one a Freudian
Oedipus complex
47
From the abandonment of infantile seduction until 1920, Freud attributed all conflict and psychopathology to ________.
the sexual drive
48
While Freud acknowledged the existence of other drives (e.g. self-preservationist), it was the sexual drive alone that led to _____.
fragmentation
49
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud, 1920)
- dual-instinct theory
- aggression was given equal status with sexuality as a source of basic instinctual energy that drives mental processes
- Freud's view of human nature darkened considerably after 1920 (perhaps influenced by WWI, cancer, and death of daughter Sophie)
- Freud began to believe that what is also being repressed is a powerful, savage destructiveness called the death instinct
- repression is not just a socially imposed process, but one that saves individuals from their own savagery
- Therefore, Freud revised his earlier beliefs that no repression is ideal, but that repression must be modulated to allow some gratification while maintaining some impulses to stay repressed
50
Drive Conflict Model (Freud, 1905/1923), stages:
- oral: 0-1.5 years
- anal: 1.5- 3 years
- phallic (Oedipal): 3 -6 years (Jung, 1913 suggested an Electra complex)
- latency: 6 - puberty (varies)
- genital: puberty -death
51
Drive Conflict Model (Freud, 1905/1923): Disruption of child's development:
- disruption as a result of overgratification or overfrustration --> child becomes fixed to developmental issues of that stage
- disruption in oral stage --> fixation on this stage and leads to individual becoming depressed and leads to dependency that continues throughout adult life
52
Freud (1917)- "Symbolic loss":
depressed person may perceive form of rejection or reproach as symbol of an earlier loss; this induces depression; early losses lead to a proclivity to depression in adulthood
53
Oedipus/ Electra complex, describe.
- likely a failure in conflict during phallic stage
- libidinal desires for mother/father and fears of opposite sex, parent's retribution
- fear causes child to repressed libidinal desires and child turns to identify with same sex parent
- leads to development in superego
54
Example of Jane (Electra complex)
absence of father or stable male figure, Oedipal conflict was never resolved, thus Jane over identifies with her mother and internalizes her critical nature, therefore a harsh superego develops, becomes a complex
55
Mourning and Melancholia (Freud, 1917)
- mourning is regularly the reaction to the loss of a loved person
- in some people the same influences produce melancholia instead of mourning and we consequently suspect them of a pathological disposition
56
The distinguishing features of melancholia are (Mourning and Melancholia; Freud, 1917)
- a profoundly painful dejection
- cessation of interest in outside world
- loss of capacity to love
- inhibition to all activity
- a lowering of the self-regarding feelings to a degree that finds utterance in self-reproaches and self-reviling
- culminates in a delusional expectation of punishment
57
Other features of melancholia are (Mourning and Melancholia; Freud, 1917)
- disturbance of self-regard is absent in mourning, otherwise features are the same
- borrows some of its features from mourning, and others from the process of regression from narcissistic object choice to narcissism
58
Remarkable characteristic of melancholia is its tendency to change into mania (Mourning and Melancholia; Freud, 1917)
- in mania the ego has recovered from loss of object
- this makes available all of the anticathexis which the painful suffering of melancholia has drawn to iteself from the ego and bound
- accumulation of cathexis which is at first bound and then after the work of melancholia is finished, becomes free and makes mania possible must be linked with regression of libido to narcisissm
59
Children and melancholia (Mourning and Melancholia; Freud, 1917)
- they introject significant objects in order to maintain an internal representation of them
- in the face of perceived loss, child experiences ambivalent feelings (anger/love) toward the object
- angry feelings = deemed unacceptable by the superego, so the ego turns those feelings toward the self and projects loving feelings onto the object in order to maintain a positive view of the object and reduce anxiety
- anger turned inward leads to feelings of self-deprecation and profound loss of self-esteem
60
In grief, the ______ diminishes, in depression the _______ diminishes (Mourning and Melancholia; Freud, 1917)
external world; self
61
Primary points in The Ego and The Id (Freud, 1923)
- conflict is the central source of psychopathology
- highlights the structural theory which is based on drive/conflict model
- structural theory- a press from the drives which seek expression elicit ego defenses in an attempt to repress, when the id derivatives become overwhelming or ego defenses fail so that a compromise cannot be reached, the previously repressed material surfaces into consciousness in a disguised form
62
Freud using military model for conflict model (The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923)
-one part of the psyche was at war with the other part, and symptoms were the direct (albeit masked) result of warfare
63
Topographic model (The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923)
- was not sufficient in explaining the conflict. -Defenses were not conscious.
- The patients didn’t know what their secrets were, yes, but they also did not know that they had secrets.
64
In short, wishes, impulses, and defenses were ______ (The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923)
unconscious
65
What did Freud realize through the case of Gloria?(The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923)
the unconscious seems to contain guilt, self-accusations, and punishments for forbidden wishes
-this conflict became not just between unconscious and conscious, but within the unconscious itself, which gave rise to the structural model
66
All major components of the self are in the unconscious,
| with significant boundaries existing between them: (The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923).
- Id – “a cauldron full of seething excitations” of raw, unstructured impulsive energies (1923, p. 71)
- Ego – a collection of regulatory functions that keep the impulses of the id under control
- Superego – a set of moral values and self-critical attitudes, largely organized around internalized parental imagoes. [i.e., An often idealized image of a person, usually a parent, formed in childhood and persisting unconsciously into adulthood]
67
Borrowing Darwinian metaphor, Freud saw humans as only partly evolved. The process of socialization requires(The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923) :
self-alienation
self-deception
-People—again based on the zeitgeist’s understanding of animal nature—were driven to seek pleasure in a single-minded, rapacious fashion. However, this natural had to be concealed from oneself and others in order to be acceptable
68
The _____ with assistance from the ____, works to repress and regulate the impulses of the ______.
What is the result? (The Ego and The Id, Freud, 1923).
- ego; superego; id
- a mind that is mostly unknown to the individual processing it' containing secrets, wishes, impulses (sexual and aggressive)
- id represents an individual’s initial, primary process thinking that is based on the pleasure principle, the ego brings about secondary process thinking that is based upon the reality principle
69
Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety (Freud, 1926) view of anxiety and three types of anxieties:
-Viewed the experience of anxiety as a signal of impending danger and anticipated helplessness, its function was to forewarn the person so they can avoid the experience
-Described 3 types of anxieties (corresponding with each psychical structure):
(1) reality based anxiety/realistic – there is something in the real world that is an immediate threat
(2) moral anxiety – fear or punishment by one’s superego, threat comes from the internalized social world (e.g. parents, societal values of the superego)
(3) neurotic anxiety – fear of punishment or annihilation with or without a clear source of danger, repression can no longer hold id in check, anxiety comes from the ego (signal anxiety) it anticipates 4 dangers based on past experience
loss of the object (oral)
loss of the object’s love (anal)
body integrity/castration anxiety (genital mutilation) (phallic)
punishment from the superego (genital)
70
Anxiety is used as a signal by the ____ to warn that drive derivatives are threatening to break into awareness and if ___ doesn’t employ strong enough defenses (e.g., repression) the drive will surface
One role of the ___ is to defend against anxiety that arises due to the __ (drive conflict), ___ (real life situations) & ___ (punishment)
Anxiety is a transformed _____. (Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
- ego
- ego
- ego
- id
- ego
- superego
- libido
71
_____ is normal but when we get anxiety, then pathology, ____ is too strong.
____'s job is _____ of impulse and result is _____.
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
- inhibition
- inhibition
- ego
- repression
- anxiety
72
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Interpretation of Freud's theory of neurotic anxiety based on transformed libido:
- accumulated excitation transformed into anxiety
- anxiety experienced is fear of id impulses breaking thru
- this is paired with helplessness from experience of birth trauma and therefore anxiety becomes a signal of threat to the ego
73
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Health signal leads to ______, becomes a compromise formation and ______ occur (e.g.____)
- defense mechanisms
- symptoms
- panic attack
74
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Symptoms role in classical analytic theory of anxiety:
- reduce the anxiety (in OCD, removes ego from danger)
- anxiety = ego overwhelmed by influx of stimuli, too great to be mastered or discharged
- stimuli = internal (id impulses) or external
- over the course of development, ego acquires capacity to produce anxiety when danger arises and later in anticipation of danger
- signal anxiety enables ego to inhibit id impulses in dangerous situations
75
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Functions of ego defenses in anxiety:
ego opposes emergence of id impulse because it sees emergence as a dangerous situation, therefore it produces anxiety to signal danger, at which time the ego uses defenses against id impulses
76
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Outline of Freud (classical ) view of Sandy and Little Hans:
- According to Freud’s psychosexual theory of development, Sandy likely suffered disruption in the oedipal stage, something Freud believed all humans must overcome to avoid neurosis, in which she wanted to possess her father, but feared retribution from her harsh mother for having this wish
- Freud would look at Sandy’s case much like he looked at the case of Little Hans (Freud 1909, 1926)
- Hans feared horses, which Freud saw as a displacement of actual fear of the fathers retribution, in contrast, Sandy fears her harsh mother, because she secretly wished to possess her father, she then displaced her fear of her mother onto other things, as manifest by her fear of airplanes landing on her house in childhood.
- This could have been seen as symbolization of the father penetrating her and mutilating her genitals in childhood, much like the phallic shaped airplane would destroy her house. In adulthood, her fear becomes more generalized fear of open spaces.
- This allows more unacceptable impulses such as anger to be directed at the displaced object, striking a compromise between the id and the superego (allowing some gratification of anger v. directing anger at a safer object, respectively).
- In Freud’s case, Hans fantasized about the horse falling and hurting himself because this was safer than wishing destruction on the father (Freud, 1926).
- In Sandy’s case, she is able to defend against the displaced object simply by avoiding it. This gives Sandy some sense of control as she likely felt helpless in her childhood when she was attacked by her mother. An expression of anger was unacceptable in Sandy’s family.
- Thus, from his structural theory Freud would conclude that, as an adult, the anxiety Sandy experiences is due to her unconscious anger toward her mother. When this anger begins to surface, it causes the anxiety and panic symptoms, as the anger is deemed unacceptable and worthy of punishment by Sandy’s harsh superego. The ego is overwhelmed by the impulse and signals anxiety in order to muster defense against the impulse.
77
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Primary defense mechanisms in anxiety
- repression
| - compromise formation
78
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Repression
- bars id impulses from consciousness as well as its derivatives like emotions, memories, etc.
- repressed material continues to be charged with drive energy and constantly presses for satisfaction, ego maintains repression thru constant expenditure of psychic energy
79
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Compromise formation
- mind in constant state of dynamic tension, drives constantly seek gratification, while ego opposes well enough to ward off displeasure (depression, anxiety) the consequence of tension leads to compromise
- Anxiety Disorder as a result of pathological compromise formation
- Waelder 1960: anxiety is conflict between the ego and the id, no compromise is worked out in favor of one or the other, therefore dangerous impulses are repressed, repression is unsuccessful and impulse finds its way into consciousness thru displaced forms (symptoms of anxiety and depression)
80
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Primary defense mechanisms relate to specific phobia:
- displacement
| - projection
81
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Displacement
-from one external object to another (e.g. from feared father to feared animal)
82
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Projection
-from self to external object (.e.g. from frightened impulse to frightened vehicular motion)
83
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Primary mechanisms related to OCD/OCPD
- intellectualization
- isolation
- undoing
- reaction formation
84
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Intellectualization
-accepting the idea that one possess anger, although expression of it is inhibited
85
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Isolation
-to isolate feelings from knowing, affective aspect of experience is kept out of conscious awareness
86
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Undoing
-UCS efforts to counterbalance some affect, usually guilt or shame with attitude or behavior that will magically erase it
87
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Reaction Formation
-Turning an affect or behavior into its opposite so it's less threatening, favored when hostile feelings and aggressive strivings are experienced as in danger of getting out of contorl
88
(Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud, 1926)
Defense mechanisms related to PTSD
turning passive into active- may see rape victim have sexual affairs as an attempt to master and control sexual situation
89
The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis (Freud, 1924)
Conflict Defense Model of Schizophrenia
- Regression to primary narcissism as no effective ego defenses have developed, therefore there is no differentiation between the self and the world (detached from reality)
- fantasies from the id are mistaken for reality
- some kind of conflict arises and the ego is weak so the primitive defenses are attempted but not effective
- thought is primitive, poor reality testing
- regress to primary process thinking
- arrested development at pre-oedipal stage before integrated ego development
- ego is overwhelmed by the impulses of the id
- explains symptoms using the structural model
- result of conflict and defense, difference is qualitative
- schizophrenic conflicts are more intense, require frequent use of primitive defenses frequently involving reality breaks
- exact level of regression based on one or more trauma
- the difference with neurosis lies in the depth of the regression
90
The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis (Freud, 1924)
Deficiency Model of Schizophrenia
- conflict initiates schizophrenia thru the process of withdrawal of libidinal investments from the real world rather than defensive process in other pathologies
- withdrawn libido remains invested in fantasized objects
- withdrawal reaches a state so profound as to constitute a break with reality and relationship with internal object representations and relationships in fantasy
- collapse of psychological investment and profound withdrawal constitute schizophrenia
- patient tries to recover and reinvest libido, but since there is a break with reality these efforts produce symptoms of schizophrenia
- patient has reinvested interest in others through objects that are not part of the real world
91
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud, 1930)
- Freud’s most widely read book on culture
- Man requires culture for survival
- However, man will always be dissatisfied by culture for the instinctual renunciation that culture requires
Psychopathology
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Psychopathology Overview52
-
Classic Psychoanalysis91
-
Ego Psychology36
-
Object Relations25
-
Self Psychology16
-
Contemporary Psychoanalytic4
-
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Bandura, Seligman, Ellis, Beck)32
-
Existential34
-
Family Systems Perspectives23
-
Biological Perspectives38
-
Defenses25
-
Ego Functions8
