Classification and Evolution Flashcards

Question

How does Carl Woese's domain system affect the five kingdoms?

Answer 1

Changes it into 6 kingdoms as Prokayotae would be split into Bacteria and Archea

Answer 2

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Answer 3

1) DNA and RNA base sequences 2) Amino acid sequences in proteins 3) The fossil record

Answer 4

Shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their common ancestor

Answer 5

- Common ancestor at the bottom - Most recent species at the top of the branches - Nodes show common ancestors for terminal taxa that share a node - Degree of relationship established by counting the nodes that separate two taxa - Branches that end before the top of the tree are extinct

Answer 6

- Phylogeny has allowed modern taxonomy to resolve disputed classifications - Phylogenetic trees are continuous and do no require discrete taxa - Hierarchical taxonomy can lend itself to the wrong comparisons between taxa of the same rank

Answer 7

Differences between individuals of different species

Answer 8

Differences between individuals of the same species

Answer 9

GENETIC VARIATION differences between individuals genetic material ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION differences between individuals environment

Answer 10

- Mutations - Alleles - Meiosis - Sexual reproduction - Random fertilisation - Genetic drift

Answer 11

Alteration in the base sequence of the genome of an organism

Answer 12

1) Spontaneous mutations 2) Mutations due to replication errors of DNA 3) Errors introduced during DNA repair 4) Induced mutations caused by mutagens

Answer 13

Sequence of nucleotides that codes for one or more polypeptide

Answer 14

A version of the same gene at the same place on a homologous chromosome, arising in different phenotypes

Answer 15

Independent Assortment and Crossing Over

Answer 16

An individual can only pass on half of its genes to its offspring and the offspring is genetically different to its parents

Answer 17

It can cause alleles to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation. It can also cause rare alleles to become much more frequent and even become fixed

Answer 18

The change in frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling of organisms that reproduce

Answer 19

As bacteria only carry out asexual reproduction, the offspring inherit the full set of genes from their singular parent. Therefore, only mutations are a form of creating genetic variation.

Answer 20

``` 1) CONJUGATION DNA transfer by direct contact 2)TRANSFORMATION uptake of DNA from the environment 3)TRANSDUCTION DNA transfer from a virus ```

Answer 21

It estimates the degree of variation in an organism's characteristic that is due to genetic variation e.g. human blood group is 100% heritable, whereas heritability of human scars is 0% (entirely environmental)

Answer 22

- Measurements can only fall into certain values - No 'in between' values - Variation is caused by genetic factors - Usually controlled by one gene, with few alleles - Normally represented by bar chart or pie chart

Answer 23

- Measurements can take any value - Continuum of values - Variation caused by genetic AND environmental factors - Controlled by many genes and many alleles - Represented by frequency tables and a histogram

Answer 24

- Graph that represents categorical data | - Shows comparisons among discrete categories

Answer 25

A bell-shaped graph

Answer 26

A normal distribution curve

Answer 27

- Mean, mode and median are the same - Bell shape is symmetrical about the mean - Half of values are below the mean and half are above - More values are close to the mean

Answer 28

The spread of data around the mean

Answer 29

When comparing data that has: - Two data sets - Sets have the same type of data - Sets have enough data to allow a reliable mean to be calculated - Sets show a normal distribution - Sets have the same standard deviation

Answer 30

When the measurements come from the same individual

Answer 31

When the measurements come from different individuals

Answer 32

A prediction that there is no significant difference between the two data sets and that any difference between the two sets are due to chance alone

Answer 33

n1 + n2 -2 (n is number of values in data set)

Answer 34

n-1 (n is number of values in data set)

Answer 35

- If your value is smaller than the critical value at P=0.05 and the correct degrees of freedom, than the null hypothesis is accepted - If the value exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted

Answer 36

Any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables

Answer 37

When one event contributes to the production of an event

Answer 38

Used to see if the correlation between two variables is statistically significant

Answer 39

+1 is a perfect positive correlation -1 is a perfect negative correlation The nearer a value to 0, the weaker the correlation

Answer 40

- If the value is closer to 1 than the critical value at P=0.05 and the correct degrees of freedom then then the null hypothesis is rejected - Therefore, there is a statistically significant correlation between two 'events'

Answer 41

1) Evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness 2) The state reached by a population during evolution 3) A phenotypic trait which has a functional role in each in each individual organism that allow it to survive and reproduce

Answer 42

Physical features, both internal and external

Answer 43

- Basking shark has a greatly enlarged mouth and highly developed gill rakers to allow it to effectively filter feed - Great Spotted Woodpecker has a foot with two front facing toes and two back facing ones to help it perch on difficult trees

Answer 44

The way an organism behaves

Answer 45

Behavioural adaptations which are performed without prior experience or learning

Answer 46

- Newly hatched sea turtles will instinctively towards the ocean - Honeybees communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source

Answer 47

Behavioural adaptations which are performed after prior experience or learning

Answer 48

- Prairie dogs give alarm calls when predators approach | - Imprinting of young geese to follow their mothers

Answer 49

Processes that take place inside an organism

Answer 50

- Thermoregulation - Homeostasis - Hormonal Communication - Tropisms - Dormancy - Transpiration

Answer 51

1) Placental mammals 2) Marsupial mammals 3) Egg laying mammals

Answer 52

- Foetus carried in uterus of mother to a late stage of development - Have a sufficiently wide opening at bottom of pelvis to allow birth of a large baby

Answer 53

- Endemic to Australasia and the Americas - Foetus is carried in uterus until an early stage of development - Give birth to less developed young who are kept for a period in the mother's pouch

Answer 54

- Marsupial mammals of Australia and the placental mammals of the Americas show convergent evolution by natural selection - They show convergent evolution because of evolving by natural selection in similar climates, environmental factors and having similar economic niches

Answer 55

- Both are adapted for a burrowing way of life - Marsupial mole has large, shovel like forepaws and silky fur for easy movement and lacks complete eyes due to little need for them - Placental mole has large, hairless, spade shaped forefeet adapted for digging, silky fur, and minute, degenerative eyes are hidden in the fur

Answer 56

Agave -Flowers once at end of life -Upwards, spiky, grey green leaves with a prickly margin and a heavy spike at the tip Aloe: -Thick and fleshy, green to grey green leaves -Margin of leaf is serrated and has small white teeth

Answer 57

Evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organisms of another species.

Answer 58

- Many insects like the hoverfly and the wasp beetle are mimics of stinging wasps - The fly orchid flower is a mimic of a female beetle to induce the male beetle to copulate with it and so pollinate the flower

Answer 59

1. There is variation in characteristics that are caused by differences in genes 2. Organisms who's characteristics are best suited for a selection pressure such as predation, competition or disease have an increased chance of surviving and reproducing 3. Successful organisms pass the allele for the advantageous characteristic onto their offspring 4. Process is repeated for every generation and overtime the allele increases in frequency in the population's gene pool 5. Eventually, all the individuals in a population will have the advantageous characteristic, this is evolution

Answer 60

- Methicillin resistant staphylococcus auereus - It has evolved to become highly resistant to many antibiotics - This resistance has either developed through natural selection or acquired through horizontal gene transfer - Due to its resistant nature, infections caused by MRSA is hard to treat - Common in hospitals, prisons and nursing homes

Answer 61

Because they reproduce at an extremely rapid rate, so any mutations introduced can quickly develop a resistant population.

Answer 62

- Due to the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, the population of dark peppered moths increased from being almost unknown before - This is because the air pollution caused the trees to become dark due to soot (selection pressure) - This meant that white moths were easily spotted on the dark trees and eaten by birds, while the dark moths camouflaged - The dark moths survived and reproduced, passing on the allele for dark colours - In addition to this, the rapid decline of the white moth population lead to 95% of peppered moths being the dark kind in just 80 years - Later when the pollution was reduced, and trees become lighter again, the white moths became the dominant form as the reverse process occurred

Answer 63

- Blowfly causes the condition 'fly strike' in sheep - Female fly finds an ideal sheep with either an open wound or build up urine/faeces in the wool in which she lays her eggs - The maggots then grow while eating the living flesh of the sheep and secrete ammonia, thus poisoning the sheep - Diazinon was developed to try and kill the sheep blowfly - However, within just 6 years, the population of sheep blowfly had evolved by natural selection, a high resistance to diazinon - Rapid evolution occurred because the sheep blowfly already had resistance to a related organophosphate called malathion - This phenomenon is called pre-adaptation

Answer 64

- It is incomplete - 95% of all fossils we posses are of animals that once lived underwater - Less than one species in 10,000 makes it into the fossil record

Answer 65

-Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and difference in the anatomy of different species -The two main pieces of evidence provided are: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

Answer 66

- HOMOLOGOUS structures are similar structures in DIFFERENT SPECIES - The species have evolved by DIVERGENT evolution from a common ANCESTOR - They may or may not perform the same function - An example is the pentadactyl limb seen in humans, dogs, birds and whales

Answer 67

- ANALOGOUS structures are similar structures in different organisms - These species have evolved by CONVERGENT evolution - They have evolved from a similar ENVIRONMENT but not from a recent common ancestor

Answer 68

1. All known extant organisms are based on the SAME BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES (transcription/translation) 2. The GENETIC CODE is the same for almost every organism 3. ATP is used as an energy currency by all extant life 4. DNA SEQUENCES show the degree of relatedness between organisms 5. The sequence of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE allowed the three domain system 6. The variance of the protein CYTOCHROME C in living cells

Answer 69

- 16S ribosomal RNA is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome - The base sequences of these genes in different prokaryotes have been used to construct phylogenetic trees due to the the slow rate of evolution in these genes - The 16S rRNA can be used as a reliable molecular clock

Answer 70

- Cytochrome C is a small haem-protein found within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion - It is highly conserved, differing only by a few amino acids in all the eukaryotes - Therefore it has been used to develop phylogenetic trees - Both humans and chimpanzees share the identical molecule, while rhesus monkeys share all but one of the amino acids

Answer 71

1. All animals embryos look very similar when in early development and develop in a similar way, evidence for a common ancestor for animals 2. All vertebrate animals have gill-like slits in early development 3. Animal embryos have a yolk-sak 4. Hox genes are a group of relate genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo, they are ancient genes and are highly conserved

Answer 72

Any preserved remains, impression or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age

Answer 73

- Set off in Dec 1831 - In the Galapagos islands, Darwin observed that the mockingbirds differed from island to island - He also drew finches and noted how their beaks and claws were different for each island - He linked that the beak depended on the type of food they ate and a more suitable beak would allow the finch to survive and reproduce, having offspring with the advantageous characteristic.

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

(100 cards)