classification and evolution 4.3

Question 1

8 taxonomic levels

Answer 1

• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

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Question 2

the 3 domains?

Answer 2

• archaea
• eubacteria
• eukaryotae

-the highest taxonomic levels

Question 3

5 kingdoms

Answer 3

• prokaryotae
• protoctista
• fungi
• plantae
• animalia

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Question 4

prokaryotae

Answer 4

• No membrane bound organelles
• Cell wall is present and made of peptidoglycan
• External digestion; Heterotrophic; (by secreting enzymes onto food and absorbing the broken down products), autotrophic and = saprotrophic
• e.g. bacteria

Question 5

protocista

Answer 5

-Have membrane bound organelles
• Cell wall sometimes present and made of varying compositions
• Heterotrophic and autotrophic
- e.g. algae

Question 6

fungi

Answer 6

• eukaryotic
  -• Have membrane bound organelles
  • Cell wall present and made of chitin
  • External digestion; Heterotrophic; (by secreting enzymes onto food and absorbing the broken down products) and Saprotrophic.
  -multicellular
  -e.g. moulds, yeast, mushrooms

Question 7

plantae

Answer 7

• Have membrane bound organelles e.g. chloroplast.
• Cell wall present and made of cellulose
• Autotrophic; perform photosynthesis
• Multicellular

Question 8

animalia

Answer 8

• Have membrane bound organelles
• Cell wall is absent
• Heterotrophic
• Multicellular
e. g. fish, birds and mammals

Question 9

binomial naming system

Answer 9

-uses the genus name and the species name

• underline them
• Capital letter for genus and Lower case for species

Question 10

advantages of the binomial naming system

Answer 10

• universal, as the same organisms may have completely different common name in different parts of one country./ different common names are used in different counties/ translations of languages or dialects may give different names/ same common name may be used for different species in other parts of the world
• provides info about relationships between organisms e.g organisms with the same genus but different species,

Question 11

reasons for classification

Answer 11

• makes it easier to identify species
• make study of living things more manageable
• find evolutionary links between species

Question 12

how is the binomial name written

Answer 12

• Genus first letter must be in capital letter
• species in lowercase
• name underlined to show its in latin

Question 13

evidence that has led to new classification systems

Answer 13

• observable features and physical features
• behaviours
• cytochrome c, a protein used in the process of respiration amino acid sequence can be identified
• if the sequences are the same. two species be closely related. if different the species are less closely related
• The more similar base sequences in DNA the more closely related two species are. if there are many differences, the species have evolved separately for a long time, and can be considered less closely related,

Question 14

what is the 3 domain classification system based on?

Answer 14

• In 1990, carl woese suggested a new classification system basing his ideas on detailed study of the RNA studies.
• He divided the kingdom prokaryote into two groups: Bacteria (Eubacteria) and the Archaea(Archaebacteria).
• this division is based on the fact that the bacteria and the archaea and the eukaryote are fundamentally different. the archaea and the eukaryote are more similar
• bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic however archaea do not have a peptiglycan cell wall and have a different membrane lipid

Question 15

phylogeny

Answer 15

• shows evolutionary relationships between organisms
• modern day classification
• common ancestors are shown on the branch point
• the more recent the common ancestor, the more closely related the two species are
  -Closeness of evolutionary relationships

Question 16

darwins theory of natural selection

Answer 16

• on a trip around the world, Darwin visited the Galapagos islands, where he discovered a large number of unusual species that were similar to those found on the south American mainland. from this variation, Darwin concluded that one species had arrived from the mainland and had then evolved to form different species.
• wallace independently same to the same conclusion as Darwin. Wallace spent many years travelling in South America and South-East Asia and collecting specimens from these places
• theses experiences led to both men publishing a paper on the theory

Question 17

Darwin’s observations

Answer 17

• offspring’s generally appear similar to their parents
• no two individuals are identical
• organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring’s
• populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

Question 18

natural selection process

Answer 18

• there is variation within a population
• selection pressures creates a struggle to survive
• individuals with better adaptions are more likely to survive and pass on advantageous alleles to their offspring’s
• over time, the proportion of population processing the advantageous adaption increases
• leads to evolution as favourable gene is ore common in population

Question 19

evidence for natural selection

Answer 19

• Fossils, can be dated, allowing us to accurately put fossil organisms into a sequence from oldest to youngest to observe gradual changes
• biological molecules such as cytochrome c and gene sequences
• certain molecules e.g. cytochrome c found in all living things is evidence that all species arose from one common ancestor
• if two species are closely related they would have separated relatively recently therefore their biological molecules are likely to be identical or very similar.
• Genes can be compared by sequencing the bases in the DNA. The greater number of similarities between the gene sequences, the more closely related the species and the more recent their evolution. more distantly related species will have more differences in their DNA.

Question 20

intraspecific variation

Answer 20

-variation within species

Question 21

interspecific variation

Answer 21

-variation between species

Question 22

continuous variation

Answer 22

-range of values
-no distinct categories
-influenced by genes and the environment

Question 23

discontinuous variation

Answer 23

• when there are two or more distinct categories

e. g. blood group

Question 24

adaptations

Answer 24

• a characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

Question 25

behavioural adaptations

Answer 25

- ways an organisms acts increasing chances of survival

Question 26

physiological adaptations

Answer 26

- processes inside an organisms body that increases chance of survival

Question 27

anatomical adaptations

Answer 27

- structural features of an organisms body that increases its chance of survival

Question 28

marsupial mole vs placental moles

Answer 28

- not closely related but share similar anatomical features as a result of evolving from similar environments, - marsupial moles have a short gestation period(pregnancy period) don't develop a full placenta - placental moles have a long gestation period(pregnancy period) and develop a placenta

Question 29

implications of pesticide resistance for humans

Answer 29

- pesticides can accumulate in the food chain. if insects are resistance, the pesticides remain in them. the insects are then eaten by predators who receive a large dosage of the pesticide. this can continue up the food chain.

Question 30

Species

Answer 30

Two individuals that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

Question 31

What is the main reason life is classified into 3 domains

Answer 31

-Difference in; rRNA' (ribosomes)/ RNA polymerase/protein synthesis;

Question 32

Why is the 3 kingdom system better than the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 32

-- The 3 domains fit phylogeny better; -There are many fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (the 4 other kingdoms); -Eukaryotes all have a nucleus/membrane bound organelles; - There are many fundamental differences between bacteria and archaea; Bacteria and archaea have difference RNA ponymerase,

Question 33

Classification

Answer 33

-Placing living things/organisms into groups/categories; Based upon similarities/differences;

Question 34

Relationship between classification and phylogeny

Answer 34

-Modern classification reflects phylogeny;

Question 35

What can you learn from fossil fuels

Answer 35

-Fossils found in sediments further underground are older than those found above it: Fossils show that organisms Change.?ver me: simple animals in older rocks;