Clause

Question 1

Sentence

Answer 1

• self contained

- can include one or more clauses

Question 2

Clause

Answer 2

• not self-contained

- can differ in structure

Question 3

Canonical clause

Answer 3

• 5 different structures
• simplest type
• can contain sub-clauses
• no negation, declarative, main-clauses, active voice
• elements in basic order

Question 4

Subject

Answer 4

• semantic: “doer of an action”
• typical category: NP, can be the subject
• basic position: in front of the VP
• interrogative clause: sub-aux-inversion
• sub-verb-agreement: 3rd pers. singular = add “s” to the verb

Question 5

Predicate

Answer 5

• describes a property of the entity referred to by the subject
• describes a situation where the entity plays a role
• represented by a verb on its own or a VP

Question 6

Predicator

Answer 6

• verb
• head of the VP & clause
• obligatory in predicate
• all other elements are dependents of the verb

Question 7

Object

Answer 7

• core complement of verb
• part of the VP
• licensed by predicator / NP
• pronoun case: non-nominative
• position: immediately after the verb
• passive: Object turns into Subject
• O(i) always precedes the O(d)

Question 8

Internal complement

Answer 8

• Object, because it’s inside the VP

Question 9

External complement

Answer 9

• Subject, because it’s outside of the NP

Question 10

Predicative complement

Answer 10

• can be a NP, AdjP or bare role NP
• can’t be the sub of a corresponding passive clause
• can be subjective or objective
• can be nominative pronoun
• semantic: represents the predicator of the subject

Question 11

Bare role NP

Answer 11

• singular NP without a determiner

- shows a unique role, office or position in an organisation

Question 12

Adjunct

Answer 12

• type of dependent which is not licensed by the verb
• optional, unlimited in position and number
• typically belong to the VP = modify predicator as head
• May Express: Time, Place, Manner, reason
• on clause level

Question 13

Supplements

Answer 13

• Element Outside the VP
• separated by a Pause in speech and punctuation
• they supplement Information to the clause

Question 14

Prepositional Phrase complement

Answer 14

(- follow core complements)

• headed by a preposition
• less closely related to the predicator
• appears in form of PP or sub-clause
• non-core complement

Question 15

locative PP-complement

Answer 15

• indicate the goal, source or location of an action

- need not be headed by a specific preposition

Question 16

Dative-Shift-transformation

Answer 16

• ditransitive clauses can have alternative mono-transitive constructions

= O + PP-comp