Climate

Question 1

Where are deserts located?

Answer 1

Between 5 - 30 degrees north + south of the equator.

• Outside tropical areas (eg. rainforests)
• In the rainshadow of mountain ranges
• Found inland on continents
• Cold ocean currents

Question 2

Climate

Answer 2

The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

Question 3

How are deserts formed? (high air pressure)

Answer 3

• Sunlight is most direct at the equator (meaning it is the warmest)
• Warm air rises and then condenses, forming clouds.
• Colder + denser air flows poleward (away from equator)
• As it moves it precipitates and loses its humidity.
• Once cool + less dense it sinks at approx. 30 degrees north/ south of the equator –> forming high air pressure
• The air warms up again by the sun, however, it has no moisture –> leading to extremely dry + hot deserts.

Question 4

How are deserts formed? (rainshadows)

Answer 4

• Warm moist air moves across a coastal range
• It then reaches a mountain range and is forced up (increasing altitude)
• This causes it to cool + condense + form clouds + precipitate
• Once having passed over the mountain it continues to sink (with no moisture) + heats –> forming dry + hot deserts.

Question 5

How are deserts formed? (Inland on continents)

Answer 5

• While moving across an ocean, air picks up moisture –> humidity
• When reaching land the moist air begins condensing + precipitating (however, no new moisture is being picked up)
• Eventually all moisture is removed from the air as wind travels inwards
  –> Dry + hot air formed inland –> Deserts

Question 6

How are deserts formed? (Cold ocean currents)

Answer 6

• Cold ocen winds meet warm land air –> Mositure condenses + fog formed.
• Thus moisture is removed from air and further inland a desert is formed.

(These currents are typically found on the west side of continents)

–> Why deserts form on the west side of continents (check with Miss Kappa)

Question 7

Soil of hot desert

Answer 7

• Little vegetation in deserts –> barely any organic matter in soil
• Weathering (bc of strong winds not hindered by vegetation) creates deep deposits of sand + loose materials
  –> Sand dunes can also form.
• Soil can potentially bevery fertile bc important nutrients for plant growth (eg. calcium) haven’t been used up by vegetation.
• Topsoil is often baked by sun

Question 8

Climate graph

Answer 8

Layered graph showing both rainfall + temperature across a year

Bar chart = rainfall
Line graph = Temperature

Question 9

Sonoran desert

Answer 9

• Hot desert
• Located in subtropical region of North America (hot summer + mild winters)
• Has many saguaro cacti
• Summer temp = usually 40C + sometimes more than 48C
• High diurnal temperature range
• 75-500mm annual rainfall
• July - mid-September = summer monsoon (thunderstorms
• Bi-seasonal rainfall

Question 10

Why the Sonoran desert formed

Answer 10

• High pressure air
• Rainshadow effect (air blows across pacific ocean + picks up msoiture. When the air hits the mountains on the Arizona-California border it precipitates
• Cold ocean currents (california current) cause desert to be formed inthe west side of the continent

Question 11

Typical plant adaptations in the desert

Answer 11

Small leaves - Less water lsot from plant by transpiration (bc smaller surface area.

Tap roots - Long roots (7-10 metres long) that reach deep under ground to acess water supplies –> much longer + bigger than plant visible at surface.

Spines - (instead of leaves, eg. cacti) Spines lose less water than leaves + prevent animals from eating plant

Waxy skin - Reduces water loss by transpiration

Water storage - Eg. succulents store water + have waxy skin

Question 12

Typical animal adaptations in deserts

Answer 12

• Nocturnal (bc cooler at night)
• Burrow underground (colder)
• Big ears to keep them cool
• Light-coloured coats –> reflect sunlight
• Diet/ food contains moisture (eg. seeds) not necessary to find as much water.

Question 13

Tropical rainforest location

Answer 13

Along the equator + inbetween the tropics

• Main areas are northern South America (e.g. Amazon), Central Africa (e.g. Congo) and South East Asia.

Question 14

Tropical rainforest climate - Characteristics

Answer 14

• Consistently high temperatures throughout the year – an average of about 25°C
• Annual temperature range: less than 5°C
• Rainfall – amount exceeds 2000mm
• Rainfall– seasonal distribution: fairly evenly distributed throughout the year
• Wind: low
• Cloud: heavy
• Humidity: high
• Pressure: low
• Little seasonal variation

Question 15

What type of rainfall do rainforests typically recieve?

Answer 15

• Convectional rainfall

Sun’s energy heats surface of earth –> water evaporates + expands + rises –> cools 0 condenses –> Forms (cumulonimbus) clouds

Question 16

What are the layers of the rainforest?

Answer 16

Highest

Emergent
Canopy
Under canopy
Shrub layer

Lowest

Question 17

Emergent layer

Answer 17

The tops of all the tallest trees in the rainforest

Highest layer

Question 18

Canopy layer

Answer 18

Where the upper parts of most trees are found.

The canopy is home to most life found in the rainforest.

3rd layer.

Question 19

Under Canopy

Answer 19

Limited sunlight + saplings wiat here for the older plants to die –> there is then a space in the canopy which they can grow into.

2nd layer in the rainforest

Question 20

Shrub layer

Answer 20

Due to the lack of light which reaches the forest floor –> There is very little vegetation between the trees.

Question 21

What causes the soil fertility in the rainforest?

Answer 21

Nutrients recycling.

Rainforests are home to deciduous trees, meaning they lose their leaves over time. (not seasonally though)

These leaves get decomposed by the large amount of fungi living on the forest floor.

This creates an abundance of nutrients. However, this nutrients is quickly used up or else washed away by the heavy rainfall.

Question 22

How many seasons do rainforests have?

Answer 22

2

One wetter season and one drier season.

Question 23

Why are rainforests not suited for farming?

Answer 23

The fertility of the soil is dependent on the nutrients cycle.

By removing the vegetation, the cycle is disrupted and the soil becomes infertile.

Question 24

Plant adaptations in the rainforest

Answer 24

Lianas –> use other plants to grow to sunlight.

Tree trunks –> tall + thin to reach sunlight. Bark = smooth to allow water to drip down to roots easily

Butress roots –> large roots + large surface area to support large tree

Epiphytes –> Live on other plants (more sunlight). Get nutrients from air + water –> not soil.

Drip tips –> pointy tips on leaves –> water easily runs off (instead of breaking plant)

Waxy leaves –> water easily runs off.

Question 25

Animal adaptations in the rainforest

Answer 25

Sloth --> Slow (not seen by predators), Camoflaged fur, long claws to grip onto branches Spider monkey --> long, strong limbs to climb through trees + prehensile tail (for gripping) Flying frog --> fully webbed hands + feet + flap of loose skin between limbs so it can glide from plant to plant Toucan --> Long large bill to reach fruit (if branches don't support its weight) Poison dart frog --> poisonous + bright to warn predators (some frogs aren't poisonous, only bright --> still a form of protection)

Question 26

Weather statistics in deserts

Answer 26

Temperature Up to 50C during day but 0C at night. Rainfall = Less than 250 mm a year Wind = Strong Clouds = Virtually cloudless Humidity = Low Pressure = High

Question 27

Reasons for desert formation

Answer 27

- Distance from oceans - Winds blowing accross large areas of land (loses humidity) - Low humidity + lack of evaporation - Sparse vegetation (no transpiration) - High air pressure - Descending air - Rain shadow effect - Cold offshore currents

Question 28

Examples of vegetation in the Sonoran desert + their features of survival

Answer 28

Saguaro cactus - Water storage, Spikes, Taproot, Ribs on plant allows for expansion when storing water Prickly pear - Spines (reduced water loss + protection), Water storage Palo verde - Bark = chlorophyll (can photosynthesise even when leaves dry up), deep root system, deciduous to prevent water loss

Question 29

Examples of animals in the Sonoran desert + their features of survival

Answer 29

Gila woodpecker - Strong beaks to hollow out hole in saguaro cactus (cool in there + spines protect woodpecker from preadators) Kangaroo rat - Nocturnal, Longer loop of henle to reabsorb as much water as possible in the kidney, Seeds they eat contain water

Question 30

Causes of deforestation

Answer 30

Agriculture - Cleared for commercial farming (eg. palm oil/ soybeans/ cattle) Logging - For fuel --> clear felling. Specific trees for furniture (eg. mahogany) --> selective loggin. Road building - ccess to new settlements/mining areas etc. Mineral extraction - eg. Gold mining in brazil Energy development - Building of dams causes areas to be flooded --> Submerged forest = root rot = acidic water = corroding HEP turbines Settlement / population growth - Building of houses due to overcrowded cities. (occurs in Brazil for poor people)

Question 31

Impacts of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest

Answer 31

Soil erosion - Roots bind soil together --> without this heavy rainfall removes topsoil. Nutrients cycle also disrupted --> soil loses fertility --> area abandoned --> more rainforest cut down for agriculture. Loss of biodiversity - Animals + plants go extinct bc rainforests = most biodiverse areas --> loss of organisms which may help produce medicinal drugs in future. Climate change - CO2 emissions when burning trees + less CO2 absorbed. Reduces humidity in air --> increase temp + dryness bc less evaporation (endothermic) Economic development - Tourism declines, less timber, local people = poverty bc they rely on rainforest (eg. rubber tappers who extract natural rubber from rubber trees) Indigenous tribes threatened (exposed to diseases they don't have immunity to + lose land + sometimes killed by loggers) 80% of deforestation = cattle ranches Deforestation = 15% of CO2 emissions 3 species go extinct per hour

Question 32

Local impacts of deforestation

Answer 32

Positives - Employment - Production of necessary raw materials - Energy from dams created Negatives - Loss of biodiversity - Tribes threatened/die - Soil becomes infertile --> Low yield - Bad working conditions

Question 33

Global impacts of deforestation

Answer 33

Positives - Raw materials created --> allows for production of certain goods Negatives - Loss of potential medicines - CO2 emissions --> climate change

Question 34

Ways to decrease deforestation

Answer 34

Monitoring - Sattelite technology to stop illegal logging Environmental charities + raising awareness Rubber tapping - Doesn't hurt trees (extractive reserve farming - materials naturally growing in forests are harvested) Afforestation - Replanting trees Selective logging - Only rtees a certain height etc. Quotas Natural reserves/National parks Eco-tourism

Question 35

Amazon rainforest - Climate (7-mark question)

Answer 35

- Equatorial Climate - Hot average temperature all year round - High precipitation (over 2000mm a year) - Hadley cell at the equator --> air heated by sun --> rises (low pressure) --> cools + condenses --> clouds + precipitation (rain) - High levels of soil moisture + interception of rainfall from dense vegetation --> leaads to transpiration --> Creates convectional rainfall. (two seasons, wet + dry --> occurs when rainforests are not exactly centred on the equator (slight differences in temp + thus rainfall)) - Repetitive climate --> dry but misty mornings + late afternoon downpours and convectional storms. (Always humid air) (High biodiversity --> 250 species of trees per hectare