Clinical Features

Question 1

What symptoms occur due to reduced cardiac output?

Answer 1

Fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and reduced exercise tolerance.

Question 2

What symptoms indicate pulmonary congestion?

Answer 2

Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, PND, crackles.

Question 3

What symptoms indicate systemic congestion?

Answer 3

Peripheral oedema, ascites, hepatomegaly, raised JVP.

Question 4

What are the two main haemodynamic abnormalities responsible for HF symptoms?

Answer 4

Reduced cardiac output and impeded venous return (congestion).