1
Q
Cell cycle G0 phase is
A
Resting phase
2
Q
Cell cycle G1
A
-Cell increase in size
- determine length of cell cycle
- under influence of p53
regulatory protein
- Cyclin D 4 and 6 ( CDK4+CDK6)
- Cyclin E ( cdk2 ) regulates transition from G1 to Sphase
3
Q
Cell cycle S phase
A
-synthesis of DNA, RNA and Histones
- Centrosome duplicate
Regulatory protein
- Cyclin A ( CDK 2)
4
Q
cell cycle G2
A
- Cell continue to increase in size
- Cyclin B (CDK1 ) regulates transition from G2 to M phase
5
Q
Cell cycle M phase
A
- Mitosis ( cell division )
- shortest phase of cell cycle
6
Q
cell division Mitosis
A
-occurs in somatic cells ( 22 pairs of chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes 46XY)
- results in diploid daughter cells ( with normal chromosome complement)
- daughter cells are genetically similar to parent cells
- Gametes ( ova and spermatozoa) have a single copy of each chromosome
7
Q
Cell division Meiosis
A
- Occurs in gametes
- Results in 4 haploid daughter cells
- daughter cells contain one homologue of each chromosome
- genetically differnt
8
Q
Mitosis process
A
- Occurs in M phase of cell cycle
- Process where by Somatic cells divide and replicate to produce diploid daughter cells
9
Q
Mitosis -prophase
A
-Chromatin in the nucleus condenses
10
Q
Mitosis- prometaphase
A
- Nuclear membrane breaks down allowing microtubules to attache to the chromosomes
11
Q
Mitosis -metaphase
A
Chromosome aligned at middle of cell
12
Q
Mitosis- Anaphase
A
- The paired chromosome separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell
13
Q
Mitosis - Telophase
A
- Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of the cell
14
Q
Mitosis- Cytokinesis
A
- Actin- myosin complex in the centre of cell contracts
-results in formation of two daughter cells
15
Q
cell organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum ( rough) function
A
Rough ER
- Involved in translation and folding of new proteins
- producing of Lysosomal enzymes
- Site N-linked glycosylation
- Extensive RER are found in:
-pancreatic cells
-Goblets cells
- Plasma cells
16
Q
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
A
-Involved in steriod and lipid synthesis
-cells with abundant SER include adrenal cortex, hepatocytes and testes, ovaries
17
Q
Golgi apparatus function
A
-Modifies, sorts and packages molecules destined for cell secretion
- add mannose -6- phosphate to proteins designated for transport to lysosomes
18
Q
Mitochondria function
A
-Aerobic respiration
- contains mitochondrial genome as circular DNA
19
Q
Nucleus function
A
- DNA maintenance
-RNA transcription
-RNA splicing ( process of removing non-coding gene sequences (introns) from preMRNA and joins protein coding gene sequence (exons)
20
Q
Lysosome function
A
- ## breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
21
Q
Nucleolus function
A
-Ribosome production
22
Q
Perioxisome function
A
-Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids
- Results in formation of hydrogen peroxide
23
Q
Proteosome function
A
- Involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin
24
Q
Microtubules
A
-Components of the cytoskeleton of cytoplasm
(help guide transport and binding of internal organelles )
- Cylindrical in structure composed of alternating alpha and beta tubulin subunits
-
25
Ligand gated ion channel receptors
- mediate fast responses
- e.g nicotinic acetylecholine
- GABA A -&C
-Glutamate receptors
26
Tyrosine kinase receptors
e.g - Insulin and insulin-like growth factors
-EGF
Non receptor tyrosine kinase
- Prolactin
- Immunomodulators (cytokine, IL-2, IL6 and IFN) GH , G-CSF , erythropoietin and thromoboproietin
27
Guanylate cyclase receptors
- Atrial Natriuretic
-BNP
28
G Protein couple receptors (Gs)
- stimulates adenylate cyclase ( increases cAMP) and activates protein kinase A
Examples
-Beta 1 receptors( epinepherine, norepinepherine, dobutamine)
-Beta 2 receptors ( epinepherine, salbuterol)
- H2 receptors ( histamine)
-D1 receptors ( dopamine)
-V2 receptors ( vasopressin)
-Receptors for ACTH, LH, FSH, Glucagon and PTH, calcitonin and prostaglandins
29
G Protein couple receptors (Gi)
- inhibits adenylate cyclase -decreases cAMP and inhibits protein kinase A
-M2 receptors (acetylcholine)
-Alpha2- receptors( epinephrine and norephineoherine)
-D2 receptors ( dopamine)
- GABA- B receptor
30
G Protein couple receptors (Gq)
Activates phospholipase C and activates protein kinase C
-Alpha -1 receptor ( epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
-H1 receptor ( histamine)
-V1 receptor ( vasopressin)
- M1 and M3 receptor (acetylcholine)
31
Southern blotting
Detects DNA
32
Northern
blotting
Detects RNA
33
Western blot
Detects protein
34
Type I hypersensitivity reaction - is seen in
anaphylaxis
35
C1 inhibitor (C1-
INH) protein
deficiency:
Causes hereditary angioedema
C1-INH is a multifunctional serine protease inhibitor
Probable mechanism is uncontrolled release of bradykinin resulting
in oedema of tissues
36
C1q, C1rs, C2, C4
deficiency: causes
Causes hereditary angioedema
C1-INH is a multifunctional serine protease inhibitor
Probable mechanism is uncontrolled release of bradykinin resulting
in oedema of tissues
37
C3 deficiency: causes
Causes recurrent bacterial infections
38
C5 deficiency: causes
to Leiner disease
Recurrent diarrhoea, wasting and seborrhoeic dermatitis
39
C5-9 deficiency: causes
Encodes the membrane attack complex (MAC)
Particularly prone to Neisseria meningitidis infection
40
IL-1
Source :Macrophages
Function: Acute inflammation
Induces fever
41
IL-2
Source :Th1 cells
Function: Stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell
response
42
IL-3
Source : Activated T helper
cells
Function: Stimulates differentiation and proliferation of
myeloid progenitor cells
43
IL-4
Source : Th2 cells
Function: Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of
B cells
44
IL-5
Source: Th2 cells
Function: Stimulate production of eosinophils
45
IL-6
Source : Macrophages, Th2
cell
Function: Stimulates differentiation of B cells Induces fever
46
IL-8
Source: Macrophages
Function: Neutrophil chemotaxis
47
IL-10
Source: Th2 cells
Function: Inhibits Th1 cytokine production Also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor and is an 'anti-inflammatory' cytokine
48
IL-12
Source: Dendritic cells,
macrophages, B cells
Function: Activates NK cells and stimulates
differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells
49
Tumour necrosis
factor-α
Source: Macrophages
Function: Induces fever
Neutrophil chemotaxis
50
Interferon-γ
Source: Th1 cells
Function: Activates macrophages
51
HLA-A3
Haemochromatosis
52
HLA-B51
Behçet’s disease
53
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Acute anterior uveitis
54
HLA-DQ2/DQ8
Coeliac disease
55
HLA-DR2
Narcolepsy
Goodpasture's
56
HLA-DR3
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Sjogren's syndrome
Primary biliary cirrhosis
57
HLA-DR4
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with HLA-DR3 but is more
strongly associated with HLA-DR4.
Rheumatoid arthritis - in particular the DRB1 gene (DRB1*04:01 and
DRB1*04:04 hence the association with DR4)
58
Type I -
Anaphylactic
Mechanism.: Antigen reacts with
IgE bound to mast
cells
Examples : Anaphylaxis
Atopy (e.g. asthma, eczema and hayfever)
59
Type II –
Cell bound
Mechanism: IgG or IgM binds to
antigen on cell
surface
Examples: Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
ITP
Goodpasture's syndrome
Pernicious anaemia
Acute haemolytic transfusion reactions
Rheumatic fever
Pemphigus vulgaris / bullous pemphigoid
60
Type III -
Immune
complex
Mechanism: Free antigen and
antibody (IgG, IgA)
combine
Examples: Serum sickness
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (especially acute
phase)
61
Type IV -
Delayed
hypersensitivity
Mechanism: T-cell mediated
Examples: Tuberculosis / tuberculin skin reaction
Graft versus host disease
Allergic contact dermatitis
Scabies
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (especially chronic
phase)
Multiple sclerosis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
62
Helper T cells
-Involved in the cell-mediated immune response
-Recognises antigens presented by MHC class II molecules
-Expresses CD4
-Also expresses CD3, TCR & CD28
-Major source of IL-2
-Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection
63
Cytotoxic T
cells
-Involved in the cell-mediated immune response
-Recognises antigens presented by MHC class I molecules
-Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells
-Expresses CD8
-Also expresses CD3, TCR
-Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection
64
B cells
-Major cell of the humoral immune response
-Acts as an antigen presenting cell
-Mediates hyperacute organ rejection
65
Plasma cells
-Differentiated from B cells
Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen
66
The following immunological changes are seen in progressive HIV:
• Reduction in CD4 count
• Increase B2-microglobulin
• Decreased IL-2 production
• Polyclonal B-cell activation
• Decrease NK cell function
• Reduced delayed hypersensitivity responses
67
DiGeorge syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by
T-
cell deficiency and dysfunction. It is an example of a microdeletion
syndrome (deletion of a section of chromosome 22).
68
Di George catch 22
C Cardiac abnormalities
A Abnormal facies
T Thymic aplasia
C Cleft palate
H Hypocalcaemia/ hypoparathyroidism
22 Caused by chromosome 22 deletion
69
Congenital Rubella features
Sensorineural
deafness
Congenital cataracts
Congenital heart
disease (e.g. patent
ductus arteriosus)
Glaucoma
70
Congenital Rubella features others
Growth retardation
Hepatosplenomegaly
Purpuric skin lesions
'Salt and pepper'
chorioretinitis
Microphthalmia
Cerebral palsy
71
Congrnital Cytomegalovirus features
Low birth weight
Purpuric skin lesions
Sensorineural
deafness
Microcephaly
Other
Visual impairment
Learning disability
Encephalitis/seizures
Pneumonitis
Hepatosplenomegaly
Anaemia
Jaundice
Cerebral palsy
(Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection in the UK. Maternal infection
is usually asymptomatic)
72
Congrnital Toxoplasmosis features
Cerebral
calcification
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Other
Anaemia
Hepatosplenomegaly
Cerebral palsy
73
74
IL-1 inhibitors
-Anakinra
o IL-1 receptor antagonist
o Used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis
-Canakinumab
o Monoclonal antibody targeted at
-IL-1 beta
o Used systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult-onset Still's
disease
75
Di George are at increased risk of
Viral and fungal infections due to T-cell disfunction
76
Neuroblastoma oncogene
n-MYC
77
Pulmo.fibrosis Lung function test
- Restrictive lung disorder
- Decreased lung compliance
- Reduced total lung capacity
- Reduced FVC
- preserved FEV1/FVC
78
meningioma indicator
-Arises from archnoid cells
-Well defined border between tumour and brain parenchyma
79
In trinucleotide repeat earlier onset in successive generation is due to
Anticipation
MRCP1
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