AA. In the Hospital setting, what are measures taken to prevent acquisition of nosocomial infections?
Identification Isolation Hand hygiene Barrier nursing Environmental controls (cleaning) Education Surveillance Outbreak management Review
AB. In the Community setting, what are measures taken to limit public exposure to infectious agents?
Safe water supply Efficient sewage removal Vaccination Outbreak investigation Quarantine Public Health awareness/education
AC. What are Individual measures taught to children & adults to stop spread of an ailment that’s transmissible?
Coughing/sneezing Physical contact Toilet hygiene Hand washing Segregation etc.
AD. Infection Prevention & Control Practitioners… (one or more)
a) develop policies & procedures
b) identify the pathogens
monitor incidence
c) educate all staff, patients, families in Infection Control
d) notifies Infection Control staff so that control measures implemented
e) monitor incidence of infection
f) isolation management (co-horting etc.)
g) microbiology & infectious disease physicians review incidence & develop policy for optimal reduction in infection spread within HCF including all stake holders
c, e & f
Infection Prevention & Control COMMITTEE:
- develop policies & procedures
Infection Prevention & Control PRACTITIONERS:
- monitor incidence of infection
- isolation management (co-horting etc.)
- educate all staff, patients, families in Infection Control
The MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY:
- identifies the pathogens
- notifies Infection Control staff so that control measures implemented
- microbiology & infectious disease physicians review incidence & develop policy for optimal reduction in infection spread within HCF including all stake holders
AE. True or false:
Improved healthcare worker Hand Hygiene is the highest priority area to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections
True
‘Moments’ for Hand Hygiene (HH) are monitored; compliance. A moment is when there is perceived or actual risk of pathogen transmission from one surface to another via hands (WHO guidelines).
AF. Which of the following is NOT one of the most common sources of infection in Hospital?
a) Surgical wound infections
b) Cather associated urinary tract infections
c) Nosocomial pneumonia
d) Intravascular device-associated blood infections
e) Airborne respiratory pathogens such as influenza, tuberculosis, Legionella spp.
f) MRO including VRE & MRSA
g) none of the above
g) that is, they were ALL common sources of infection in Hospitals.
Most common: surgical wound infections
Followed by b, c & d.
e) is a possibility.
AG. Which is NOT a factor that predisposes Hospital acquired infections?
a) Drug resistant microorganisms more likely to exist in hospitals under antibiotic use pressure
b) Patients with lowered resistance due to age, immobility, underlying diseases, surgical/trauma wounds
c) Medical treatments can lower resistance e.g. immunosuppressive drugs
d) Diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures involve skin & mucous membrane penetration
e) none of the above
e) They were ALL factors that predispose to Hospital infections.
AH. Why does Antibiotic Resistance occur?
- Capacity of bacteria to mutate and to transfer this genetic information to other strains / species
- Excessive and/or inappropriate antibiotic use: principal cause of emergence of resistance, e.g. overuse of 3rd generation cephalosporins responsible for emergence of ESBL’s , VRE
- Increasing no. of severely ill & immunocompromised patients surviving longer in hospitals using ventilation, catheterisation etc.
- Medical tourism
- Veterinary FEED
AI. Which of the following is NOT an impact of Antibiotic Resistance?
a) Increased morbidity/mortality
b) Reduced therapy options
c) Increased cost of healthcare
d) Greater risk of emprirical treatment failure
e) Simpler laboratory procedures
f) Litigation
e) Simpler laboratory procedures
Obviously, compared with the rest.
