cloning

Question 1

tissue culture

Answer 1

process in which very small pieces of plants are grown using nutrient media

Question 2

what is tissue culture grown in

Answer 2

Petri dishes on nutrient agar

Question 3

what does grown in vitro mean

Answer 3

grown outside a living organism

Question 4

step 1 of micro- propagation of plants

Answer 4

cells are scraped from parent plants.
- surface of explants are sterilized using a disinfectant

Question 5

step 2 of micro- propagation of plants

Answer 5

sterile explants are transferred to a sterile petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar

Question 6

what does growth medium encourage

Answer 6

explant cells to grow and divide into small masses of cells

Question 7

step 3 of micro- propagation of plants

Answer 7

each callus is transferred into a fresh growth medium that contains a range of plant growth regulators.

• causes callus to develop roots, stems and leaves forming plantlets

Question 8

step 4 of micro- propagation of plants

Answer 8

plantlets transferred to individual potting trays and develop into plants

Question 9

advantages of micropropogation

Answer 9

• clones are genetically identical
• commercial uses
• plants with deseriable characteristics can be produced
• ensures diseases are not imported
• preserves rare plant species

Question 10

disadavantages of microproporgation

Answer 10

• trained personnel and sterile lab required
• plants are vulnerable to same diseases and pests

Question 11

2 ways to clone animals

Answer 11

embryo cloning
adult cell cloning

Question 12

step 1 of embryo cloning

Answer 12

egg cells from best cow are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from best bull to form and embryo

Question 13

step 2 of embryo cloning

Answer 13

developing embryo is then split apart many times before the cells are specialized

• forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical

Question 14

step 3 of embryo cloning

Answer 14

cloned embryos are then transplanted into host mothers

Question 15

step 1 of adult cell cloning

Answer 15

nucleus is removed from an unferitllised egg cell

Question 16

step 2 of adult cell cloning

Answer 16

a small electrical shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo

Question 17

step 3 of adult cell cloning

Answer 17

when embryo has developed into ball of cells its inserted into womb of an adult female

Question 18

pharming

Answer 18

when a transgenic animal is clones to produce a whole herd

Question 19

what is pharming used for

Answer 19

• produce antibodies
• blood clotting factor IX
• Alpha 1 antityrypsin