cns

Question 1

Clozapine

Answer 1

Atypical antipsychotic | Causes agranulocytosis + hypersalivation

Question 2

Bupropion

Answer 2

Atypical antidepressant | No sexual side effects | Used for MDD & smoking cessation

Question 3

Trazodone

Answer 3

Antidepressant | Major side effect: Priapism (prolonged painful erection)

Question 4

Phenytoin

Answer 4

Antiepileptic | Causes gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, folate deficiency

Question 5

Valproate

Answer 5

Antiepileptic & mood stabilizer | Causes neural tube defects in pregnancy

Question 6

Nitrous oxide

Answer 6

Inhaled anesthetic | Can cause diffusion hypoxia during recovery

Question 7

Ketamine

Answer 7

Dissociative anesthetic | NMDA antagonist | Bronchodilator & causes hallucinations

Question 8

Buspirone

Answer 8

Non-sedative anxiolytic | 5-HT1A partial agonist | Used for GAD | No dependence

Question 9

Flumazenil

Answer 9

Competitive antagonist at benzodiazepine site on GABA-A | Used as antidote

Question 10

Bupivacaine

Answer 10

Local anesthetic | Most cardiotoxic of local anesthetics

Question 11

Benzodiazepines

Answer 11

Family: Anxiolytics & Hypnotics | Examples: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Midazolam, Temazepam | MOA: ↑ frequency of GABA-A Cl⁻ channel opening | Side Effects: Sedation, Amnesia, Dependence | Antidote: Flumazenil | Clinical Pearl: Safer than barbiturates

Question 12

Barbiturates

Answer 12

Family: CNS depressants | Examples: Phenobarbital, Thiopental | MOA: ↑ duration of GABA-A Cl⁻ channel opening | Side Effects: CNS depression, Respiratory depression, High overdose risk | Use: Thiopental = ultra-short anesthesia induction

Question 13

TCAs

Answer 13

Examples: Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Amitriptyline | MOA: Block NE & 5-HT reuptake | Side Effects: Anticholinergic, Orthostatic hypotension, Sedation, Cardiac arrhythmias | Antidote: Sodium bicarbonate

Question 14

MAOIs

Answer 14

Examples: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Selegiline | MOA: Inhibit MAO → ↑ NE, 5-HT, Dopamine | High-Yield Side Effect: Tyramine (cheese) reaction → Hypertensive crisis | Interactions: Do NOT combine with SSRIs/SNRIs (Serotonin Syndrome)

Question 15

SSRIs

Answer 15

Examples: Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram | MOA: Block 5-HT reuptake | Side Effects: Sexual dysfunction, GI upset, Serotonin syndrome risk | Special Note: Fluoxetine approved in children

Question 16

Typical Antipsychotics

Answer 16

Examples: Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine | MOA: D₂ receptor blockade | Side Effects: EPS (Dystonia, Akathisia, Parkinsonism, Tardive Dyskinesia, NMS) | Mnemonic: DAPT-N

Question 17

Clozapine

Answer 17

Use: Refractory schizophrenia | Side Effects: Agranulocytosis (monitor WBC), Hypersalivation

Question 18

Parkinson Drugs

Answer 18

Dopamine precursor: Levodopa+Carbidopa → improves rigidity+tremor | MAO-B inhibitor: Selegiline → delays progression | Dopamine agonist: Bromocriptine → lowers prolactin | Anticholinergic: Benztropine → helps tremor | Antiviral: Amantadine → releases dopamine

Question 19

Local Anesthetics

Answer 19

MOA: Block voltage-gated Na⁺ channels | Cardiotoxic: Bupivacaine | Only vasoconstrictor LA: Cocaine

Question 20

General Anesthetics

Answer 20

Thiopental: rapid induction | Propofol: post-op antiemetic | Ketamine: dissociative + bronchodilator | N₂O: diffusion hypoxia | Halothane: malignant hyperthermia + hepatitis

Question 21

Clozapine

Answer 21

Use: Refractory schizophrenia | Class: Atypical antipsychotic | Side Effects: Agranulocytosis (monitor WBC), Hypersalivation | Special: Last-resort antipsychotic

Question 22

Bupropion

Answer 22

Class: Atypical antidepressant | Uses: Major depressive disorder, Smoking cessation | Key Point: No sexual side effects | MOA: Norepinephrine & dopamine reuptake inhibitor | Note: Stimulant properties, lowers seizure threshold

Question 23

Trazodone

Answer 23

Class: Antidepressant | Key Use: Insomnia, Depression | Major Side Effect: Priapism (prolonged painful erection) | MOA: 5-HT2 antagonist & reuptake inhibitor

Question 24

Phenytoin

Answer 24

Class: Antiepileptic | Key Uses: Seizure control | Side Effects: Gingival hyperplasia, Hirsutism, Folate deficiency | MOA: Na⁺ channel blocker | Special: Zero-order kinetics at high doses

Question 25

Valproate

Answer 25

Class: Antiepileptic & Mood stabilizer | Key Uses: Seizures, Bipolar disorder | Side Effects: Neural tube defects in pregnancy, Hepatotoxicity, Weight gain | MOA: ↑ GABA, Na⁺ channel inhibition

Question 26

Nitrous oxide

Answer 26

Class: Inhaled anesthetic | Key Effect: Analgesia, minimal respiratory depression | Side Effect: Diffusion hypoxia during recovery | MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist

Question 27

Ketamine

Answer 27

Class: Dissociative anesthetic | Key Effects: Analgesia, Bronchodilation, Hallucinations | MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist | Special: Maintains airway reflexes, increases HR & BP

Question 28

Buspirone

Answer 28

Class: Non-sedative anxiolytic | Uses: Generalized anxiety disorder | MOA: 5-HT1A partial agonist | Key Point: Non-addictive, no sedation, no dependence

Question 29

Flumazenil

Answer 29

Class: Benzodiazepine antidote | MOA: Competitive antagonist at benzodiazepine site on GABA-A | Use: Reversal of BZD overdose | Caution: Can precipitate seizures in BZD-dependent patients

Question 30

Bupivacaine

Answer 30

Class: Local anesthetic | MOA: Na⁺ channel blocker | Key Point: Most cardiotoxic local anesthetic | Special: Long-acting, used in epidurals