Geography > Coast > Flashcards

Coast Flashcards

(50 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of waves?

A

Destructive
constructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

factors influencing wave strength

A

fetch
wind duration
wind speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the wave height?

A

difference between a peak and trough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a fetch?

A

how far the wave has travelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the wave length?

A

Difference between 2 peaks or 2 troughs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CONSTRUCTIVE WAVE
height, length, break,

A

low
long
spill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CONSTRUCTIVE WAVE
swash, backwash, sediment

A

powerful swash
weak backwash
gains sediment - extend beach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DESTRUCTIVE WAVE
height, length, break

A

high
close
destroy/plunge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DESTRUCTIVE WAVE
swash, backwash, sediment

A

Weak swash
strong backwash
loose sediment - destroy beach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is weathering?

A

weakening of material, while it remains in its og location.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is mechanical weathering?
explain the process

A

freeze thaw weathering
a crack in a rock fills up with water
water freezes expands and cracks the rock a bit more
process continues until the rocks splits in half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 types of weathering?

A

mechanical weathering
biological weathering
chemical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

the breakdown of rocks because of the interaction with air, water or acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is mass movement?

A

downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

plants and animals weaken cliffs.
by burrowing
plant roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 types of mass movement

A

rock fall
landslide
mudflow
slumping (rotational slip)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a rockfall?

A

a type of weathering causing a section of rock to fall of a 90° cliff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a landslide?
what is it caused by..

A

section of rock that break away and slides down a slope.
caused by heavy rain or earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a mudflow?
what is it caused by..

A

Saturated soil that breaks away and slides down a slope.
caused by heavy rain and earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is slumping/ rotational slip?

A

Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is erosion?

Study These Flashcards
A

The wearing away of material moving its location.

21
Q

what are the 4 types of erosion?

Study These Flashcards
A

hydraulic action
solution
abrasion
attrition

22
Q

What is hydraulic action?

Study These Flashcards
A

force of destructive wave hitting cliff causing it to break.

23
Q

What is abrasion?

Study These Flashcards
A

pebbles grind against rock - sandpaper effect

24
What is attrition?
collision of rocks causing them to break down.
25
What is solution (erosion)? give an example
water dissolves certain types of rocks. e.g calcium carbonate is dissolved by acid rain
26
4 types of transportation
suspension traction solution saltation
27
what is traction?
heaviest rocks roll along sea floor
28
What is saltation ?
Small pebbles bounce along sea floor
29
What is suspension?
fine sand floats
30
What is solution (transport)?
Soluble material dissolves
31
Why does sediment get deposited?
when water looses energy
32
What is a discordant coastline?
you have different bands of rock running perpendicular to coastline.
33
What is a concordant coastline?
A concordant coastline has the same type of rock along its length. The alternating bands of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coast. coves form here
34
How is a wave cut notch platform formed?
a cliff with a high tide and low tide by hydraulic action and abrasion base of cliff eroded and forms a wave cut notch top bit falls down forming a wave cut platform and process repeats.
35
How is a stump formed?
a crack in a headland widens into a cave by hydraulic action and erosion methods cave opens up into an arch arch falls in creating a stack stacks erodes and shrunk into a stump until stump is gone leaving another headland #for process to repeat.
36
How do coves form?
form on a concordant coastline. when a narrow entrance is made through resistant rock as it shard to erode. but space opens up as soft rock is much easier to erode
37
What is longshore drift?
The movement of material along a coast by waves which approach at an angle to the shore but recede directly away from it.
38
Longshore drift and spit formation? what else does this form?
prevailing wind at 45° to coast and swash back wash is 90° process repeats in zigzag pattern when reach end of coastline sediment deposited prevailing wind changes direction forming a hook. creating a saltmarsh
39
What is hard engineering?
artificial structures are used to reduce levels of erosion and protect the coastline
40
What is a sea wall? cost, +, -
concrete barrier placed near cliff , curved lip to reflect wave £5000-£10000 per metre + effective - unnatural, expensive
41
types of hard engineering (sea) ?
sea wall groynes rock armour gabions
42
What are groynes? cost, +, -
timber structure built to trap sediment and enlarge beach which can act as a buffer. £150000 each (200m) + wider beach, cheaper - starve beach further along, unnatural
43
What are gabions? cost, +, -
wire cages filled with rocks, built up to support cliffs, provide a buffer £50,000 (100m) + cheap, improve draining - unattractive only last 5-10 years
43
What is rock armour? cost, +, -
piles of large boulders at cliff base rock absorbs wave energy. £200,000 (100m) + cheaper, more natural - expensive to transport
44
What is soft engineering?
creating or enhancing natural structures that use natural processes to prevent erosion and floods.
45
Types of soft engineering (sea)?
beach reprofiling dune regeneration dune fencing
46
What is beach reprofiling? cost, +, -
add sediment to beach so it is wider make it steeper so its harder for waves to travel up to cliff. £50000 (100m) + cheap, natural - constant maintenance
47
What is dune regeneration? cost, +, -
dunes act as a buffer but are easily damaged by trampling and storms. marram grass can be planted to help develop dunes as they trap sediment. £200-2,000 (100m) + cheap, natural - time consuming, damaged easy
48
What is dune fencing used for?
fences on a sandy beach along dunes to protect them and prevent people trampling and encourage new dune formation £400-2000 (100m) + cheap, minimal impact - unsightly, regular maintenance after storms
Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions