Coasts

Question 1

What is freeze thaw weathering?

Answer 1

rainfall gets trapped in cracks where it freezes and expands. when the process happens repeatedly, the rock will weaken and eventually shatter

Question 2

What is a slump?

Answer 2

a rotational movement

Question 3

What is a slide?

Answer 3

a movement along an existing surface

Question 4

What is rockfall?

Answer 4

fragments break away due to weathering

Question 5

What is rotational slip?

Answer 5

slump of saturated soil along a curved bedding plane

Question 6

What is Mudflow?

Answer 6

Saturated soil flows down a steep slope

Question 7

What is a landslide?

Answer 7

Where rocks slides downhill when layers are loosended

Question 8

What is the difference between a rock slip and a rock slide?

Answer 8

• A rock slip is when random pieces of rock fall from a cliff
• A rock slide is where rock moves over a plain of another type of rock

Question 9

Explain how constructive waves shape the coastline

Answer 9

• strong swash and weak backwash means that material is deposited and beaches form.
• long shore drift moves material into river mouths resulting in spits

Question 10

Explain how destructive waves shape the coastline

Answer 10

• strong backwash and weak swash means that material is eroded and taken away
• usually forms features such as arches, headland and wave cut platforms

Question 11

Describe the process of abrasion

Answer 11

The coast is worn down by material carried by the waves which is thrown at the rock at high velocity

Question 12

Describe the process of Solution

Answer 12

Chemical action of sea water which slowly dissovles the rocks on the coast.

Question 13

Describe the process of Solution (erosion)

Answer 13

Chemical action of sea water which slowly dissovles the rocks on the coast.

Question 14

Describe the process of Hydraulic action

Answer 14

The force of the water. Waves enter cracks in the coastline and compress air within the crack, when the wave retreats the air expands quickly causing the rock to break

Question 15

What is a constructive wave?

Answer 15

• strong swash, weak backwash

- high wave in proportion to its length

Question 16

What is a destructive wave?

Answer 16

• weak swash, strong backwash

- high wave in proportion to its length

Question 17

What is a destructive wave?

Answer 17

• weak swash, strong backwash
• high wave in proportion to its length
• formed with large winds and a long fetch

Question 18

What is long shore drift?

Answer 18

the transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle

Question 19

What are the causes of sea level rise?

Answer 19

• Thermal expansion (temperature of water rises as it expands)
• melting land ice (melt water flows into the sea and adds to its level

Question 20

What are the impacts of sea level rise?

Answer 20

• polluted water
• less food
• less habitats
• colder seas

Question 21

What is hard engineering?

Answer 21

Hard engineering options tend to be expensive, short-term options. They may also have a high impact on the landscape or environment and be unsustainable.

Question 22

What is soft engineering?

Answer 22

Soft engineering options are often less expensive than hard engineering options. They are usually more long-term and sustainable, with less impact on the environment.

Question 23

What is RipRap/rock armour (hard)?

Answer 23

• large boulders piled up to form a type of sea wall

- gaps allow some water through and disperses the energy of the waves reducing the erosion power.

Question 24

What is Gabions (hard)?

Answer 24

• Large steel mesh cages filled with rocks

- absorbs the seas energy so it causes less damage

Question 25

How is a tombolo formed?

Answer 25

When a spit continues to grow outwards joining to an offshore island. This requires the island to be located at the mouth of a river.

Question 26

How is a Bar formed?

Answer 26

A bays is formed so longshore drift moves material between the two headlands in the direction of the prevailing wind. This forms a spit and eventually the spit will reach the second headland. A lagoon can form behind the bar.

Question 27

How is a spit formed?

Answer 27

Longshore drift carries sediments along the coast. The swash moves material up the coast in the direction of the prevailing wind. If the coast changes direction, sediment continues to be dropped in the same direction. Meaning a long thin ridge of material is deposited- this is the spit. A change in wind direction can cause a hooked end.

Question 28

When is deposition likely to occur?

Answer 28

When: waves enter shallow water, waves enter a sheltered area, there is little wind, there’s a good supply of material

Question 29

How is a cove formed?

Answer 29

When rocks run in horizontal bands. The sea erodes the layer of harder rock using solution and hydraulic action. When it reaches the softer rock it is eroded quicker and this leaves a circular cove with a narrow entrance

Question 30

How are Stacks. stumps, arches, and caves formed?

Answer 30

A line of weakness is eroded and it widens and deepens into a cave. Erosion continues through the processes of corasion and hydraulic action until it extends all the way through to form and arch. The roof of the arch is weathered and the weight eventually becomes too much causing it to collapse forming a stack. Erosion continues until a stump is left.

Question 31

How is a wave cut platform formed?

Answer 31

Cliff face is eroded by solution, hydraulic action and abrasion weakening the cliff. This cliff breaks away leaving a wave cut notch, erosion continues and the cliff is undercut until it eventually falls leaving a wave cut platform.

Question 32

What is a salt marsh?

Answer 32

A coastal ecosystem between land and the sea