1
Q
Erosion - Holderness
A
- Europe’s fastest eroding coastline, avg rate of 2m/year
- Geology: Chalk, soft boulder clay (erodes rapidly, especially when saturated)
- LSD moving south AWAY
- Large fetch so powerful waves
2
Q
Climate Refugees - Kiribati
A
- 1.2cm/year sea level rise
- Peak height ASL ~ 2m
- Pop > 121,000 migrating to purchased land in Fiji
- Water insecurity b/c of saltwater infiltrating ground water supply
- Mangroves planted to limit erosion caused by high tides
3
Q
Subsidence - Jakarta, Indonesia
A
- ISOSTATIC - 32 million population city sinking 25cm/year
- EUSTATIC - Climate change
- Illegally draining aquifers b/c no access to clean water
- 32km sea wall has been built but standard is poor leading to undercutting
4
Q
Climate Change Developed Country - New York
A
- Melting glaciers is “halting” thermohaline circulation so pools in this area.
- Isostatic readjustments from ice sheet from 20,000 years ago
- Increased frequency and intensity of flooding
5
Q
Subsidence - Nile Delta
A
- Agricultural, urban and industrial sectors have been extracting groundwater at an exponential rate
- Aswan Dam (1960s) has reduced amount of sediment reaching delta by 98%
- 2nd largest supplier of natural gas in Africa
- 41% Egypts population at risk
6
Q
Coastal Flooding - Bangladesh
A
- 1.5m over past 50 years
- Deforestation to grow rice 3% a year
- 30 million live on unstable polders
- Polders prevent natural distribution of sediment
- 75% live below sea level
- Floodplain of 3 major rivers
- Himalayan snow melt and monsoon rain adds to flood risk
7
Q
Storm Surge - UK
A
- December 2013
- Storms brought by powerful jet streams across the Atlantic
- Storm funnelled into North Sea which gets shallower towards the South of the UK
- 18,000 evacuated
- 800,000 properties protected by Environment Agency flood defences
- London saw highest tide since Thames barrier built in 1984
- 2,800km of flood defences put to the test
- 64 severe flood warnings
- 720 properties flooded
- 1,700 hectares of farm land flooded
- Cost government £200 million
- £270 million invested in new defences
8
Q
Storm Surge - Hurricane Sandy
A
- October 2012
- 9ft flood in Manhattan
- > 100mph storms
- Coincided with highest tide of the month and densely populated New York
- 286 deaths
- > $60 billion in damaged (one of the most costliest)
- 346,000 homes damaged
- > 18,000 flights cancelled
9
Q
Soft Engineering - Bacton, Norfolk - Strategic Realignment
A
- 1.8 million cubic metres of sand pumped onto beach
- £20 million
- Protects gas terminal
- Still susceptible to damage, just delays it
- Takes time to see effects
10
Q
Hard Engineering - Rossall - Hold the line
A
- 320,000 tonnes of rock armour
- Protects 7,500 properties
- Schools and hospitals
- £64 million
- Eyesore
- Could be underwater in 100 years regardless
11
Q
Hard Engineering - Borth - Hold the line
A
- Offshore reef breakwater
- £12 million
- Surrendering Fairbourne (No active intervention)
- Protects tourism
12
Q
Soft Engineering - Steart Marshes - Strategic Realignment
A
- 400 hectares
- Realign coastline to allow new saltmarshes to form
- Protects from storm and tides
- £21 million
- Creates habitats, not an eyesore, better for environment
- Traps sediment that would otherwise build up further down the coast
13
Q
Coastal Management - Odisha, India
A
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management
- Stronger water quality laws
- 455km^2 mangrove replanted
- Coral reef regeneration
- Emergency cyclone shelters
- National parks
14
Q
Soft Engineering - Blackwater Estuary Essex - Advance the line
A
