1
Q
in the last 6 years how many people were forced to move because of climate and weather related disasters
A
140 million
2
Q
what are the economic losses of coastal recession and flooding in the Netherlands
A
-they spend €1.2 billion annually on coastal defences due to ongoing sea level rise
- severe flooding over 200m could lead to a GDP decline of 1.5 - 3 %
3
Q
what are the economic losses of coastal recession and flooding in the USA
A
- hurricane Katrina caused $125 billion in damages mainly due to storm surges and levee failures
4
Q
what are the economic losses of coastal recession and flooding in Nigeria
A
- Lagos coastal flooding threatens real estate worth $18 billion
- erosion of Niger delta a economic hub for agriculture
5
Q
what are the economic losses of coastal recession and flooding in Egypt
A
- Nile delta flooding
- agricultural losses could reach billions if no action
- could lose 30% of fertile land which threatens millions of farmers livelihoods
6
Q
what are the social losses of coastal recession and flooding in the USA
A
- Florida and gulf coast
- flood risks caused some people to abandon properties
- post disaster trauma ( Katrina )
7
Q
what are the social losses of coastal recession and flooding in the UK
A
- Norfolk
- entire streets have fallen into the sea due to coastal erosion
- loss of properties
- psychological and financial risks
8
Q
what are the social losses of coastal recession and flooding in Bangladesh
A
- displace 1.5 million people
- health issues from water born diseases like cholera
- destroy roads and schools
9
Q
what are the social losses of coastal recession and flooding in Egypt
A
- worsening inequalities
- health and sanitation issues
- damage to cultural heritage
10
Q
environmental refugees as a result of climate change in Bangladesh
A
- already displaced 1.5 million people
- 13 million climate refugees by 2050
11
Q
environmental refugees as a result of climate change in Egypt
A
- over 2.5 million people living in the delta have already moved inland
12
Q
environmental refugees as a result of climate change in Nigeria
A
- in 2016 flooding displaced 600,000 people and many never returned
13
Q
mitigation and adaptation strategies in the Netherlands
A
- delta works
- massive flood defence system
- dykes, levees
-strict urban planning - storm surge barrier
14
Q
mitigation and adaptation strategies in the USA
A
- Florida
- roads and buildings elevated
- $4.6 billion sea wall project being considered
- exploring floating homes in Miami
15
Q
mitigation and adaptation strategies in the Phillipines
A
- investing in early warning systems
- elevated housing
- mangroves reforestation
16
Q
mitigation and adaptation strategies in Thailand
A
- Bangkok flood drainage tunnels
- mangrove reforestation
- flood resistant infrastructure
17
Q
mitigation and adaptation strategies in India
A
- constructing sea walls
- improved disaster warning systems
18
Q
what are threats to coastal areas
A
- rising sea levels
- increased coastal erosion
- saltwater intrusion
- storm surges
- loss of ecosystems
- loss of food security
- loss of industry and agriculture
19
Q
where is kiribati
A
in central pacific oceans, it is made up of 33 islands and 21 are inhabited
20
Q
why does Kiribati have an uncertain future
A
- impact of climate change and rising sea levels mean the people if Kiribati face cultural extinction and loss of there island homes
21
Q
what are the social impacts that climate change is having on Kiribati
A
-forced to abandon homes
-100,000 people in next 100 years may become environmental refugees
-disease, poor sanitation, poor waste disposal
-cultural erosion
22
Q
what are the economic impacts that climate change is having on Kiribati
A
-only Fiji has offered to help
-high cost of resettlement and many are moving to new Zealand
-cost of rebuilding and building defences
23
Q
what are the environmental impacts that climate change is having on Kiribati
A
-200m of land have disappeared
-pollution / waste on land
-king waves causing coastal erosion
-water pollution
24
Q
what is the migration with dignity strategy being used in Kiribati
A
scheme to help people migrate earlier away from Kiribati to get jobs elsewhere before they become environmental refugees
25
what are king tides in Kiribati
exceptionally high tides when the gravitational pull of the sin and moon and strongest. Causes coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion, damage to infrastructure
26
what is the stool of sustainability
3 pillars that make up sustainability: environmental, social and economic
27
what are 5 types of hard engineering
Rip-Rap (rock armour)
Rock breakwater
sea wall
revetments
groynes
28
what is Rip-Rap
otherwise known as rock armour
large igneous or metamorphic boulders at the bottom of a sea wall at the back of a beach. These break up and dissipate wave energy
29
what are the advantages of Rip-Rap
erosion control
low maintenance
durability
habitat creation
aesthetic appeal
30
what are the disadvantages of Rip-Rap
high initial cost
disruption to natural processes
not aesthetically pleasing to everyone
environmental impact of construction
31
rip rap image
32
what is rock breakwater
large rocks or boulders that reduce wave energy. They are built offshore forcing the waves to also break offshore
33
what are the advantages of rock breakwater
reduces wave energy
protects infrastructure
long lifespan
can create new habitats
encourages beach formation
34
what are the disadvantages of rock breakwater
high construction costs
interferes with coastal processes (longshore drift)
navigation hazard for boats
habitat disruption during construction
limited effectiveness in severe conditions
35
rock breakwater image
36
what is a sea wall
concrete wall with steel reinforcement and deep foundations. A physical barrier against erosion and dissipate wave energy
37
what are the advantages of sea walls
strong protection against flooding and erosion
long lifespan
immediate defence
can be used for recreation (promenade)
protects valuable land
38
what are the disadvantages of sea walls
very high construction and maintenance costs
can caused increased erosion elsewhere as it reflects the energy
environmental impact
loss of natural aesthetics
reduced beach access
39
sea wall image
40
what is revetments
stone, timber or concrete sloping structures which are permeable, they absorb wave energy and reduce swash distance
41
what are the advantages of revetments
effective erosion control
cheaper than sea walls
flexible materials and design
less visually intrusive
encourages sediment deposition
42
what are the disadvantages of revetments
can have high initial costs
can be visually unattractive
limited lifespan
ongoing maintenance
may not withstand extreme weather
disrupt natural processes
43
revetments image
44
what are groynes
vertical stone or timber 'fences' built at 90° to the coast, spaced along the beach. This prevents longshore movement of sediment and encourages deposition to build a wider higher beach
45
what are the advantages of groynes
prevents beach erosion
protects coastal infrastructure
low maintenance costs
simple construction
encourages tourism on the beach
46
what are the disadvantages of groynes
increased erosion down the coast
visually unattractive
interfere with coastal access
limited lifespan
may be ineffective in high energy environments
47
groynes image
48
what coastal issues require management
sea level rise
housing
fishing industry
destruction of infrastructure
tourism
agriculture
wild life
49
what are the what are the 4 soft engineering strategies
beach nourishment
managed retreat
dune stabilisation
cliff regrading
50
what is beach nourishment
artificially replenishing the sediment on a beach to replace sediment lost be erosion, to enlarge the beach, to increase the amenity value of beaches
51
what are the advantages of beach nourishment
preserves natural appearance
boosts tourism and recreation
reduces erosion and flood risk
environmentally friendly
reversable
protects coastal infrastructure
52
what are the disadvantages of beach nourishment
expensive and repetitive
short term
disruption to marine life
temporary disruption during work
may require imported material
53
beach nourishment image
54
what is dune stabilisation
techniques to stabilise dunes to reduce wind and water impact. such as: vegetation planting, sand fencing, zoning and conservation
55
what are the advantages of dune stabilisation
natural and sustainable defence
absorbs wave energy
enhanced biodiversity
low visual impact
cost - effective
56
what are the disadvantages of dune stabilisation
time consuming to develop
easily damaged by people and weather
requires ongoing maintenance
can restrict beach access
not as effective in high energy environments
57
dune stabilisation image
58
what is managed retreat
allows sea to breach defences in a planned area. Give up part of the land to the sea to protect the rest of the coast
59
what are the advantages of managed retreat
natural and sustainable
low maintenance costs
enhanced biodiversity
reduced flood risk inland
adapts to rising sea levels
60
what are the disadvantages of managed retreat
loss of land
unpopular with affected communities
destruction of existing habitats
limited to certain locations
compensation costs
61
managed retreat image
62
what is cliff regrading
reducing the angel of a cliff often using bulldozers to make it more stable and less prone to collapse (mass movement)
63
what are the advantages of cliff regrading
-reduces risk of landslides and collapse
-protects property and infrastructure
-low visual impact
-cost-effective
64
what are the disadvantages of cliff regrading
-requires a lot of space
-doesn't stop marine erosion at base
-disruption during construction
-not permanent
65
cliff regrading image
66
what sustainable management strategies are being used in the Maldives
lots of money being spent on protecting the capital, Malè
beach nourishment, mangrove restoration and coral reef protection is happening to protect income sources such as fishing
67
what conflicts have arose in the Maldives following their management strategies
some islands feel isolated and ignored
locals feel overlooked to protect commercial industries like tourism
68
what sustainable management strategies are being used in Essex
the Essex wildlife trust
(EWT) have discussed giving up land for managed retreat. EWT purchased the Abbot Hall estate and converted it the farmland into a salt marsh
69
what conflicts have arose in Essex following their management strategies
fishermen are concerned about damage to oysters due to increased sediment
the RSPB are concerned about changed to bird habitats
70
what is integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)
the entire coastal zone (sediment cell) is managed. Takes into account human activity, particularly with economic benefit and helps to improve peoples lives all while being environmentally appropriate (sustainable)
71
what are the 4 types of shoreline management plan recommended by the government
1. hold the line
2. advance the line
3. managed retreat
4. do nothing
72
what is the shoreline management strategy hold the line
build or maintain defences so the position of the coastline remains the same
73
what is the shoreline management strategy advance the line
land reclamation like used in the netherlands
74
what is the shoreline management strategy managed retreat
allow coast to recede but direct it in certain areas
75
what is the shoreline management strategy do nothing
allow to flood. relocate/compensate locals if necessary
76
what 5 factors must be taken into account when managing a coastline
1. engineering feasibility
2. environmental sensitivity
3. land use and value
4. impacts of coastal processes in entire sediment cell
5. political, social and economic reasons
77
what is the factor engineering feasibility when managing a coastline
which methods will actually work
78
what is the factor environmental sensitivity when managing a coastline
are there any protected areas or species
79
what is the factor land use and value when managing a coastline
is the land value worth the cost of protection
80
what is the factor impacts on coastal processes in whole cell when managing a coastline
need to avoid sediment starvation somewhere else
81
what is the factor political, social and economic reasons when managing a coastline
what livelihoods / businesses need protection
Geography - Physical
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