Geography > Coasts: landforms > Flashcards

Coasts: landforms Flashcards

slide 7 2.5a.b.c (91 cards)

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1
Q

What is the term for the uninterrupted distance across water over which a wind blows

A

fetch

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2
Q

What happens to a wave when the crest outruns the trough

A

breaks

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3
Q

what is the term for the shape of a beach

A

beach morphology

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4
Q

What is the term for a shingle ridge found towards the back of the beach

A

berm

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5
Q

What erosional process is the force of the water exerting pressure

A

hydraulic action

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6
Q

What type of erosional process is seawater and salt spray reaction with rocks and dissolving them

A

Solution

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7
Q

What is another name for the erosional process of solution

A

Corrosion

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8
Q

What type of erosional process is when destructive waves scrape and throw rocks against a cliff

A

abrasion

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9
Q

What type of erosional process is when sediments collide and are broken down

A

attrition

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10
Q

What angle is the swash same as in offshore drift

A

wave approaching

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11
Q

What degree does the strongest longshore drift occur at

A

30 degrees

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12
Q

What angle is the backwash at to the shore

A

right angle

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13
Q

what direction of wind does long shore drift move in

A

dominant wind

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14
Q

What place in Kent has two long shore drift directions

A

Dungeness

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15
Q

How curved are swash aligned beaches

A

smoothly

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16
Q

Are swash aligned beaches concave or convex

A

concave

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17
Q

What is name of coast where beaches are produced where waves break at an angle to coast? Swash occurs at an angle, backwash runs perpendicular to beach resulting in material transported along beach via longshore drift?

A

Drift aligned coast

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18
Q

What is term for when energy of transporting water becomes too low to move sediment, and large sediment is deposited first?

A

gravity settling

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19
Q

What is the term for clay particles clumping together and becoming large enough to sink

A

Flocculation

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20
Q

What causes the particles to clump in flocculation

A

electrical or chemical attraction

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21
Q

What type of wave creates beaches

A

constructive wave

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22
Q

What landforms may form when waves break at a beach

A

cusps or berms

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23
Q

what can destructive waves create at the backshore at a beach during high tide

A

storm ridges

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24
Q

What determines where waves strike a beach

A

tide

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25
What can take away beach material
rip currents
26
What can supply sediment to a beach
subaerial processes
27
what are the two subaerial processes
mass movement and weathering
28
What is the term for a depositional landform which is a long ridge of sand and pebbles a short distance out to sea
offshore bar
29
What depositional landform is Scroby Sands, Norfolk
offshore bar
30
Is the water for an offshore bar shallow or deep
shallow
31
What happens to the destructive waves before they reach the beach in a formation of an offshore bar
break
32
When is an offshore bar exposed
low tide
33
What can offshore bars be a hazard to
shipping
34
what can offshore bars be used for
wind farms
35
what do offshore bars provide for beach nourishment
sand
36
What depositional landform is formed when sand in shallow nearshore and offshore areas is moved toward the shore with enough energy by waves and wind
barrier beach
37
what has made conditions suitable for barrier beach formations
sea level rise
38
What can barrier beaches protect the mainland from
storms
39
What depositional landform is Chesil Beach, Dorset
Barrier beach
40
What depositional landform is formed when there is a dominant long shore drift direction with lots of sediment and a gap in the coastline
Spit
41
What depositional landform is Spurn Point, Holderness
Spit
42
What does a spit do to the area behind it
shelter it
43
what is formed in the area protected by a spit
mudflats and salt marshes
44
What is a spit called when it grows and the other wave directions turn the spit into a hook
Recurved spit
45
What is a spit called when there are local variations in long shore drift and a large bay with strong river currents?
double spit
46
What depositional landform is Poole Harbour, Dorset
Double spit
47
Why has Poole Harbour become a double spit
river discharge between spits
48
What depositional landform forms when long shore drift carries sediment across a gap between an island
Tombolo
49
What depositional landform is the Isle of Portland, Dorset
Tombolo
50
What depositional landform is a narrow ridge of sand and pebbles between an island
Tombolo
51
What depositional landform is formed by two spits meeting with long shore drift in opposite directions, sheltering the bay
Cuspate Foreland
52
What type of depositional landform is Dungeness,Kent
Cuspate foreland
53
What depositional landform is characterised by an ope landscape with parallel ridges of shingle
Cuspate foreland
54
What is an area along the coastline in which the movement of material is self-contained
sediment cell
55
What sub-system can a sediment cell be called
closed coastal sub-system
56
What do the boundaries of sediment cells tend to be
headlands and peninsulas
57
How many large sediment cells are there in England and Wales
11
58
What is the term for when the change produced creates an effect that operates to work against the original change
negative feedback
59
What is the term for when the change produces an effect to increase the original change
positive feedback
60
What type of feedback is when mass movement debris acts as a barrier to protect the cliff
negative feedback
61
What type of feedback is when erosion of sand dunes leads to deposition offshore, creating an offshore bar, reducing energy and allowing recovery
negative feedback
62
What type of feedback when wind erosion removes vegetation in dune section, meaning further wind erosion increases depletion of dune sand?
positive feedback
63
What is the term for when a system balances itself out
dynamic equilibrium
64
What is the term for a balance between changes in the volume of sediment in the system and the volume of sediment entering or leaving the system
sediment budget
65
What budget occurs when there are more inputs than outputs to system
positive budget
66
what budget occurs when outputs are higher than inputs
negative budget
67
What human intervention can cause an input change to sediment budget
damming a river
68
what human intervention can cause output change of sediment budget
removing sand
69
What is the term for a combination of weathering and mass movement that shapes the coast
subaerial processes
70
waht is the term for the breakdown of rock where it is found
weathering
71
What is the term for a consequence of the weakening of rock
mass movement
72
what is the term for the talus at the base of cliffs
rockfalls
73
what is the term for marine processes breaking down and transporting slump materal from left behind landslide scars
rotational slumping
74
What are the mechanical weathering processes
freeze thaw and salt cracking
75
what are the biological weathering processes
tree roots, seaweed acids and boring molluscs
76
what is the chemical weathering process
oxidation
77
What happens in freeze thaw after water seeps into the joints
freezes and cracks
78
what happens to the salt crystals left behind in rocks by water
grow and crack rock
79
what happens when oxgen combines with iron based minerals in rock
chemical breakdown then crumble
80
what does the sulphuric acid in seaweed do to rocks
dissolve
81
What do molluscs do to a rock surface to get food
scrape away
82
What determines the type of mass movement
water content
83
What determines the stability of mass movement
slope angle
84
What are the three types of mass movement
rock fall, landslide, slumping
85
What type of mass movement occurs when fragments of rock break away from the cliff face due to weathering
rock fall
86
what type of mass movement occurs when blocks of rock slide downhill
landslide
87
what type of mass movement occurs when saturated soils slump across a curved surface
slumping
88
What type of landform is seen from rotational slumping
rotational scar
89
Where can a rotational scar be found
Seatown, Dorset
90
What type of landform is seen from rock or block fall
talus cones
91
Where can talus cones be found
Svalbard, Norway
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