Cognitive approach - Reconstructive memory

Question 1

Give two assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 1

1. Behaviour is a product of information processing. 2. The brain can be compared to a computer (computer analogy - input, process, output)

Question 2

Define what is meant by a ‘schema’?

Answer 2

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations of people, objects or events created from our own past personal experiences.

Question 3

Name the three ways that schemas can resonstruct (alter) our memory

Answer 3

Confabulation, Rationalisation and shortening.

Question 4

Define what is meant by confabulation - invented detail

Answer 4

When information is added to a memory because it is consistent with a persons schema

Question 5

Define what is meant by rationalisation - distorted detail

Answer 5

When information is changed/altered to align with your existing schema

Question 6

Define what is meant by shortening - loss of detail

Answer 6

When the amount of information remembered is reduced/left out that doesnt fit your existing schema (unfamiliar or unexpected detail), only key details are remembered

Question 7

What key term is this an example of? ‘You’re telling friends about last weekend’s party and swear your best friend was wearing a red hoodie.Later you see photos and realise they wore blue even though they they usually wear red.

Answer 7

Confabulation

Question 8

What key term is this an example of? ‘You feel awkward at a wedding. Later you remember it as “Everyone was really unfriendly,” even though most people were nice’.

Answer 8

Rationalisation

Question 9

What key term is this an example of? ‘When talking about a trip to the zoo, you might recall the animals you saw, like lions and elephants, but forget smaller details like the layout of the exhibits (map) or what you had for lunch that day’.

Answer 9

Shortening

Question 10

How are schemas created?

Answer 10

From our past personal experiences

Question 11

What do we create schemas of?

Answer 11

Events, people, objects