What is Beck’s cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) originally developed for?
Depression
CBT is now considered an evidence-based treatment for various psychiatric disorders.
List some disorders that CBT is effective for.
- Bipolar disorder
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Schizophrenia
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- PTSD
- Chronic pain
What are cognitive schemas?
Core beliefs that develop during childhood from experiences and biological factors
They can be maladaptive or adaptive and are revealed in automatic thoughts.
Define automatic thoughts.
Verbal self-statements or mental images that come to mind spontaneously when triggered by circumstances
They can be positive or negative.
What is the purpose of a Dysfunctional Thought Record (DTR) in CBT?
To help clients record negative automatic thoughts and analyze their emotional responses
Clients document events, automatic thoughts, emotions, rational responses, and outcomes.
What are cognitive distortions?
Systematic errors in reasoning affecting thoughts during stressful situations
They can lead to psychological distress.
Give examples of common cognitive distortions.
- Arbitrary inference
- Selective abstraction
- Dichotomous thinking
- Personalization
- Emotional reasoning
What are the primary goals of CBT?
To correct faulty information processing and help patients modify maladaptive behaviors and emotions
Practitioners use cognitive and behavioral techniques to achieve these goals.
What is the role of collaborative empiricism in CBT?
A therapeutic alliance where therapist and client examine evidence to evaluate thoughts and beliefs
It emphasizes joint investigation in therapy.
What is the A-B-C-D-E model in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
A: Activating event
B: Irrational belief
C: Emotional/behavioral consequence
D: Disputing techniques
E: Effect of replacement belief
What are the five stages of Self-Instructional Training?
- Cognitive modeling
- Overt external guidance
- Overt self-guidance
- Faded overt guidance
- Covert self-instruction
What is the focus of Stress Inoculation Training?
Improving coping skills for stressful situations
It includes phases of conceptualization, skills acquisition, and application.
Define Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
A therapy that emphasizes psychological flexibility and acceptance of psychological pain
It addresses six core processes to foster acceptance and behavior change.
What distinguishes clean pain from dirty pain in ACT?
- Clean pain: Inevitable physical and psychological discomfort
- Dirty pain: Emotional suffering from attempts to control clean pain
What are some core processes targeted in ACT?
- Experiential acceptance
- Cognitive defusion
- Being present
- Awareness of self-as-context
- Values-based actions
- Committed action
What is the purpose of Mindfulness-Based Interventions?
To promote moment-to-moment awareness without judgment
They are part of therapies like MBSR and MBCT.
What is the primary goal of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)?
To enable clients to become self-aware and de-centre from distressing thoughts and feelings
It combines elements of both MBSR and CBT.
What is the safety planning intervention (SPI) in cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention?
A six-step plan to manage suicidal crises
It includes recognizing warning signs and using internal and external coping strategies.
What evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies for suicide prevention?
They reduce suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, hopelessness, and depression
Benefits are consistent across gender, severity of ideation, and number of attempts.
