what is cognition
describes the mental processes that lead to knowledge, understanding, and awareness
how does cognitive development occur
many skills develop overtime as children are not born with all knowledge and abilities.
So some things , like language needs to be learned.
e.g learning word meanings , knowledge and facts and procedural skills
What did Piaget purpose
developed the theory of cognitive development that suggests that children progress through 4 stages at the same ages and the same order to develop adult level cognition
What are the stages of cognitive development by Piaget
1.Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2.Preoperational (2-7 years)
3.Concrete operational (7-12 years)
4.Formal operational (12+ years)
(Each stage is characterised by observable skills that children demonstrate at different ages
)
what is the sensory motor stage
-children have sensory experiences and interact with objects.
-they learn by physical movements and sensations
-cant distinguish between themselves and surroundings.
-have not developed object permenance.
what is the preoperational stage
-develop mental imagery and language proficiency
-egocentricism
-can look at the world from their own point of view and understand that objects look different from different angles or peoples bliefs
- have not developed conservation or reversibility
-cant perform mental operations to solve problems
what is the concrete operational stage
- children learn that there is more than one viewpoint
-logical operations are used when problems are concrete( existing in a form that is visible)
-cant solve abstract problems that are not situated in reality
-tom starts to develop
what is the formal operational stage
develop abstract and logical thinking. They can reason deductively, solve problems systematically, and consider multiple possible solutions. Their thinking becomes more flexible and scientific.
what are flaws with Piagets work
Scientific methods and standards have evolved-
Piaget studied his three children (very small, non-random sample)
No statistics or clear study design unable to replicate
what is object permanance
objects are in constant existance, meaning that they cannot time travel without having existed in an interval between them, and cant teleport without travelling from one place to another
what is a fancy term to describe objects not travelling or teleporting in object permenance
temporal and spatial contiguity
why is object permenance an important skill
that objects are continuous is the basis for understanding more complex interactions in the world
For example, it allows us to perceive causal events
when does object permenance develop, and how was this found in piagets work
8-9 months
-children did not search for an object which is hidden ( acted as if it didn’t exist)
what is the issue with task demand in piagets claims about object permenance
that younger children cannot yet perform coordinated actions with objects .
what has research shown that contradicts piagets claims about when object permenance develops and what method was used for this.
work that has found that infants can understand that objects exist when not visible from much ealier age (3.5 months)
they used looking time to probes infants knowledge without relying on lang or complex behavioural responses
What is looking times
- record infants looking behaviour in different conditions. If the infant has a greater fixation on one object than another , the researcher can infer that the infant can tell the difference between conditions
how are childrens cognitive abilities be measured using looking times
Using carefully controlled stimuli, researchers can map changes in children’s cognitive abilities across development by analysing their looking behaviour.
if they look longer at a task which is impossible for example, they understand that the object should reappear if they have a knowledge of object permenance.
explain research into object permenance with young children
The card leans against the box to hide the box from child and then It will fall back down – possible event
Impossible event – box is covered by the card, and then the box disappears, the card comes back up and forward, and the box reappears.
what was found in the research with young infants for object permenance
The difference in looking time shows that the child was surprised by the impossible event. Focused more as the impossible event was interesting and new , so they want to learn this. This shows that children can understand that objects exist when not seen
What did Baillargeon et al find
found that 5-month-old infants looked for longer during the impossible events and when replicating his research, he observed the same preference in 3.5 months old
why do infants look longer during the impossible events
- infants are drawn to new and unfamiliar events. This is called novelty preference.
- they become habiutated to the object in fimilar situation
what did Shinksey and Munakata 2010 state as a reason why infants look longer during the impossible event
Infants show a novelty bias, looking longer at new info from unfamiliar input to learn it
As these studies contradict Piagets work , what does Spelke purpose for when children learn object permenance
Spelke argues that we are born with understanding of object persistence that is formed of innate knowledge
what does Baillargeon 2008 purpose for when object permenance develops
children may start with an innate understanding of object persistence and expand on this knowledge throughout development
-
word learning Week2 lecture 167
-
word learning- hearing loss32
-
week one theories22
-
prenatal infant and brain development60
-
adolescence53
-
Cognitive development47
-
social cognition27
-
Autism33
-
language development -Week 720
-
Building concrete theories of language development34
-
language pt week 815
-
Atypical language development30
-
PRENATAL EFFECTS ON CHILD MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS1
-
Research names and theories77
-
Parenting and child development39
-
W11- Tuning in21
-
infants mental health40
-
prenatal effects on childs mental health rf25
