COGS 100

Question 1

define mind

Answer 1

the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences

Question 2

what does the mind do

Answer 2

represents and computes information

Question 3

define representation

Answer 3

something that acts as a sign or symbol of something else

Question 4

define physical representation

Answer 4

a representation that exists in the physical world

Question 5

define mental representation

Answer 5

a representation that exists in the mind

Question 6

what are the components of a representation

Answer 6

symbol and referent

Question 7

define symbol

Answer 7

something that stands for something else

Question 8

define referent

Answer 8

the thing or concept (in the real world) that a symbol represents

Question 9

what are the characteristics of a representation

Answer 9

symbolic, semantic, intentional

Question 10

what are the types of representations

Answer 10

concept, proposition, rule, analogy

Question 11

define concept

Answer 11

a group of objects that share a characteristic

Question 12

define proposition

Answer 12

a true or false statement

Question 13

define rule

Answer 13

a set of principles or conditions that govern an action; an if-then statement

Question 14

define analogy

Answer 14

a comparison of the similarities between a known thing and unknown thing

Question 15

define computation

Answer 15

the process of transforming one representation to another representation, by using rules

Question 16

define process

Answer 16

a sequence of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular goal

Question 17

list the early disciplines of the study of cognition

Answer 17

philosophy, psychology, computer science, neuroscience, anthropology, linguistics

Question 18

philosophy is the study of

Answer 18

knowledge

Question 19

psychology is the study of

Answer 19

mind and behavior

Question 20

computer science is the study of

Answer 20

information processing

Question 21

neuroscience is the study of

Answer 21

the neuron

Question 22

anthropology is the study of

Answer 22

man

Question 23

linguistics is the study of

Answer 23

language

Question 24

define cognitive science

Answer 24

the systematic study of how the mind acquires, represents, transforms, and uses knowledge

Question 25

define philosophy

Answer 25

the search for knowledge, with the goal of extending what is known about the world

Question 26

what do philosophers do

Answer 26

identify, define, and propose solutions to problems

Question 27

define problem

Answer 27

a difficult situation that needs to be addressed

Question 28

define solution

Answer 28

the action of solving a problem; interested in the process rather than the outcome

Question 29

define reason

Answer 29

to think and form judgements by a process of logic

Question 30

1st principle of reasoning

Answer 30

there are ONLY true or false statements; NO right or wrong statements

Question 31

2nd principle of reasoning

Answer 31

there are correct and incorrect procedures/solutions to reach conclusions/answers

Question 32

3rd principle of reasoning

Answer 32

a statement with the structure "x and not x", is a contradiction

Question 33

define inductive reasoning

Answer 33

to generalize a conclusion based on specific observations, probabilistic conclusion depending on completeness of observations, creates new ideas/hypotheses

Question 34

define deductive reasoning

Answer 34

to arrive at a specific conclusion based on general premises, guaranteed conclusion depending on truth of initial premises, tests new ideas/hypotheses

Question 35

how can inductive reasoning be wrong

Answer 35

a counterexample contradicts the general hypothesis

Question 36

how can deductive reasoning be wrong

Answer 36

one of the premises is false

Question 37

questions that rise from the mind-body problem

Answer 37

what is the mind? how is the mind related to the body? is the mind a body?

Question 38

define monism

Answer 38

the view that there is only one kind of substance in the universe—either everything in the universe is physical or non-physical, never both and therefore, mind and body are ultimately the same

Question 39

define dualism

Answer 39

the view that there isn't only one kind of substance in the universe and therefore, mind and body are separate

Question 40

define physicalism

Answer 40

subdivision of monism; the belief that everything in the universe is made up of a physical substance; the mind arises from the world

Question 41

define idealism

Answer 41

subdivision of monism; the belief that everything in the universe is made up of a non-physical substance; the world arises from the mind

Question 42

define substance dualism

Answer 42

subdivision of dualism; body is composed of a physical substance, while the mind is composed of a non-physical substance

Question 43

define property dualism

Answer 43

subdivision of dualism; only physical substance, but different properties the mind and body don't have different substance, but have different properties (e.g., different physical states of the brain cause different mental states)

Question 44

what view(s) believes in both physical and non-physical substances

Answer 44

substance dualism

Question 45

what view(s) believes in physical substances, but not in non-physical substances

Answer 45

physicalism and property dualism

Question 46

what view(s) believes in non-physical substances, but not in physical substances

Answer 46

idealism

Question 47

what view(s) believes in neither physical nor non-physical substances

Answer 47

none (that we've discussed)

Question 48

define physical kinds

Answer 48

things that are identified or defined based on their physical properties (e.g., "The brain is composed of neurons")

Question 49

define functional kinds

Answer 49

things that are identified or defined by their actions and functions (e.g., brains and CPU store information, therefore same function, therefore same functional kinds)

Question 50

define multiple realizability

Answer 50

the philosophical concept that a task, function, or mental state can be realized in many different ways

Question 51

define psychology

Answer 51

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

Question 52

define theory, as well as its context in psychology

Answer 52

a set of general principles that can explain phenomena, independent of the phenomena to be explained in psychology, a theory explains behaviors and actions

Question 53

define behavior

Answer 53

any action that can be directly observed, as a way in which one conducts themselves