1
Q
What year did the Yalta Conference take place?
A
February 1945
2
Q
When was the Tehran Conference held?
A
November 1943
3
Q
When was the Potsdam Conference held?
A
July-August 1945
4
Q
When did the USSR get the A-Bomb?
A
29th of August 1949
5
Q
Between which years did the Grand Alliance unravel?
A
1945-46
6
Q
What year was the Truman Doctrine created?
A
1947
7
Q
What were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine?
A
- Soviets do the same thing to neutralise marshall plan.
8
Q
Over what period did the USA give 12.7 billion dollars to Europe?
A
1948-52
9
Q
When was Bizonia created?
A
May 1947
10
Q
What was Trizonia created?
A
August 1948
11
Q
When was the Deutschmark invented?
A
June 1948
12
Q
When was the Berlin Blockade implemented?
A
June 1948
13
Q
In which year was the Russian revolution?
A
1917
14
Q
When was the Marshall Plan introduced?
A
1948
15
Q
When was Trizonia changed into the Federal Republic of Germany?
A
May 1949
16
Q
When was the German Democratic Republic created?
A
October 1949
17
Q
What year was the Hungarian uprising?
A
1956
18
Q
When did the USSR announce that Nagy had been tried and executed?
A
July 1958
19
Q
Between which years was the Berlin Crisis?
A
1958-63
20
Q
When did West Germany join NATO?
A
May 1955
21
Q
When did Krushchev come to power in Russia?
A
1956
22
Q
When did the Geneva Summit take place?
A
May 1959
23
Q
When did the summit at Camp David take place?
A
September 1959
24
Q
When did the summit in Paris take place?
A
May 1960
25
When did the summit in Vienna take place?
June 1961
26
When was the Berlin Wall built?
12th August 1961
27
When was NATO formed?
1953
28
What happened at the Tehran Meeting?
- The meeting took place in November 1943 between the GA with Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin
- During the meeting WW2 was still ongoing
-The GA and Germany were at a stalemate
- The GA decided to release pressure on the Eastern Front and increase pressure on the Western Front.
- The USSR agreed to declare war on Japan once Germany had surrendered in order to help the USA
29
What happened at the Yalta Meeting?
- The meeting took place in February 1945 at which point WW2 was still ongoing
- (Post-war) Germany would be split up into four zones.
- United Nations was formed to try and bring about world peace
- Russia will declare war on Japan 3 months after German Surrender
- But Stalin did not want European countries to have free democratic votes
30
What happened at the Potsdam Meeting?
- Meeting took place over July-August 1945
- WW2 had ended due to the surrender of Germany in May
- Roosevelt and Churchill had been replaced by Truman and Attlee
- Stalin wanted heavy reparations from Germany
- Truman didn't want this for fear of the German economy not recovering.
31
What happened at the (first) Geneva Meeting?
- Meeting took place in May 1959
- Both sides met to decide how Germany should be governed
- No agreement was made
- Eisenhower invited Krushchev for more conversations in America
32
What happened at the Camp David Meeting?
- Meeting took place in September 1959
- Krushchev agreed to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum
- Both sides confirmed a meeting later in the year
- Relationships were improved between the two sides
33
What happened at the Paris Meeting?
- Meeting took place in May 1960
- No agreements took place here
-Relationships were worsened due to the U2 spy plane incident
- Krushchev walked out of the meeting
34
What happened in the Vienna Meeting?
- Meeting took place in June 1961
- New USA President J.F.K was seen as weak by the USSR on the lead up to the meeting
- J.F.K did not give up any power of Berlin due to Krushchev's stance on communism and the chance of the Berlin Ultimatum being reinstated
35
What happened at SALT 1?
- The ABM Treaty- USA and USSR were only allowed 2 anti-ballistic missile sites with max of 100 missiles per site
- The interim treaty which limited both sides to a certain number of ICBM's and SLBM's
- The Basic Principles treaty which set out rules to maintain world peace.
- NO REPERCUSSIONS for Failure
36
What happened at the SALT 2 agreement?
- SALT 2 counted number of warheads instead of missiles like SALT 1
- SALT 2 was not very successful due to US feeling humiliated and USSR being untrustworthy
37
When did SALT 2 take place?
June 1979
38
When did SALT 1 take place?
May 1972
39
When did the Helsinki Accords take place?
1975
40
By what year had 3 million East Germans moved to West Germany?
1958
41
When did Fidel Castro become leader of Cuba?
January 1959
42
When did Cuba sign an agreement with USSR to use some of their land?
February 1960
43
When was the Bay of Pigs invasion?
1961
44
When did a U2 Spyplane take images of missile sites in Cuba?
14th of October 1962
45
Between which dates was the 13 Days?
16 - 28th October 1962
46
What were the 3 treaties that were agreed as a result of the CMC?
- Test ban treaty- No testing of nuclear weapons in space, underwater or in the atmosphere for USA, UK and USSR
- Outer Space Treaty- No use of space to stage a military attack with no nuclear missiles going to space
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - No sharing of nuclear plans between countries
47
What was agreed at the Helsinki Accords?
- European Borders- Borders are inviolable and cannot be altered by force
- International Cooperation- East and West promise to work harder on relations, technology exchanges and joint space missions
- Human Rights- Human Rights to be respected, free speech/ religion and free movement across Europe.
48
What were the consequences of the Berlin Crisis? (1948)
- Soviet feeling towards the West were now known
- Berlin airlift and near cause of WW3 with fine loop holes
- Creation of NATO
49
What were the consequences of the Arms Race?
- Peoples opinions changed on nuclear warfare after seeing what it can do to humanity
50
What were the consequences of the Hungarian Uprising?
- Krushchev ordered invasion of Hungary since he could not afford for them to leave the Warsaw Pact
- Hungary asked for Western support which didn't come
51
What was the consequences of the Berlin Crisis? (1961)
- Berlin Ultimatum- Khrushchev wanted W Berlin to join the GDR
- the Berlin Wall was built
- Negotiations between the two sides took place
52
What was the consequences of The Cuban Missile Crisis?
- Hotline between the USSR and USA was made
- Test Ban Treaty
- Outer Space Treaty
- Kennedy's increased popularity
53
What was the consequences of The Prague Spring?
- 500,000 Warsaw troops invade Czechoslovakia
- Dubcek arrested and sent to Moscow
54
What were the consequences of Détente?
- Arms control treaties were made
- Improved diplomatic relations
- Some opportunities for trade and cultural exchange
55
What were the consequences of the invasion of Afghanistan?
- END OF DETENTE
- Rise of terrorism
- Significant economic strain on the USSR
56
What were the consequences of the election of Ronald Reagan?
- Invention of the Strategic Defense Initiative
- Reagan Doctrine- Roll Back (support of anticommunist governments and groups)
57
What were the consequences of Gorbachev coming to Power?
- Several satellite states became separate from the USSR.
- Near end of the Cold War
- Glasnost & Perestroika
58
What were the consequences of the Reykjavik Summit?
- No agreement
- Improved relations
- End to the cold war
59
What were the consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall?
- Collapse of the USSR
- Paved the way for reunification of Germany
60
what was Comecon?
Used to provide financial and industrial support to the communist nations
61
what was cominform?
Used to spread communism
62
what was the Brezhnev doctrine?
USSR would engage any country who threatened communism
63
What happened in the Washington summit of 1987?
The intermediate range nuclear force treaty agreed to abolish all land missiles with range between 500 km and 5000 km
64
What happened at the Moscow 1988 Summit?
Gorbachev agreed to reduce the number of Warsaw Pact soldiers and for Soviet Union to leave Afghanistan
65
What happened at the Malta 1989 Summit?
First meeting with Gorbachev and George Bush, no agreement, but both countries use this meeting to mark the end of the Cold War
66
What was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? 1979?
communist Afghan government collapsed USSR invaded and installed a loyal leader. The US responded with the Carter doctrine and ending détente
- The USSR weekend financially which contributed to its collapse
67
what was the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott?
The USA’s protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
- Over 60 countries boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics and held alternative event
- This increased tensions and international pressure on the USSR
68
What were the ideological differences between the USA and the USSR?
The USA believed in capitalism and democracy while the USSR believed in communism and a one-party state.
69
What were Stalin's aims after WWII?
To spread communism
70
What were Truman's aims after WWII?
To contain the spread of communism and support democratic capitalist countries.
71
What were Churchill's attitudes towards the USSR after WWII?
He distrusted Stalin and warned that communism was spreading across Eastern Europe.
72
What was the Long Telegram (1946)?
A telegram from George Kennan warning that the USSR wanted to spread communism and recommending the USA should contain Soviet expansion.
73
What was the Novikov Telegram (1946)?
A Soviet telegram claiming that the USA wanted world domination and was building up military power to threaten the USSR.
74
What were Soviet satellite states?
Countries in Eastern Europe controlled politically and economically by the Soviet Union with communist governments loyal to Moscow.
75
Why did the USSR create satellite states in Eastern Europe?
To create a buffer zone protecting the Soviet Union from future invasions and to spread communism.
76
How did the USSR maintain control over satellite states?
By installing communist governments loyal to Moscow and using political pressure
77
What were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine?
Increased US-Soviet tension marked start of containment policy and deepened division between East and West
78
What were the consequences of the Marshall Plan?
Strengthened Western Europe increased US influence and led to Soviet retaliation through Comecon
79
What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade 1948-49?
Increased tension led to formation of NATO confirmed division of Germany and failure of Soviet aggression
80
Why was Bizonia and Trizonia significant?
Showed Western cooperation and increased Soviet suspicion leading to Berlin Blockade
81
Why was the Deutschmark important?
Stabilised West German economy but triggered Soviet anger leading to blockade
82
What were the consequences of the arms race?
Increased fear tension and risk of nuclear war but created deterrence (MAD)
83
What is Mutually Assured Destruction MAD?
Both sides had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other preventing direct war
84
What were the consequences of the Berlin Crisis 1961?
Berlin Wall reduced refugee problem but became symbol of division and tension
85
Why was the Berlin Wall significant?
Showed failure of communism and became key symbol of Cold War division
86
What were the 3 key agreements after the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Hotline Limited Test Ban Treaty and improved communication between superpowers
87
What was agreed in the Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963?
Banned nuclear testing in atmosphere space and underwater
88
What was agreed in the Outer Space Treaty 1967?
Banned nuclear weapons in space
89
What was agreed in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968?
Limited spread of nuclear weapons
90
What were the consequences of détente?
Reduced tensions improved communication but fragile and temporary
91
Why did détente reduce tensions?
Economic pressure fear of nuclear war and desire for stability
92
What were the consequences of the invasion of Afghanistan?
Ended détente increased tensions weakened USSR financially
93
What were the consequences of Reagan becoming president?
Increased tension through hardline policies but later improved relations
94
What was Reagan’s approach to the USSR?
Aggressive stance calling USSR evil empire and increasing military spending
95
What were the consequences of SDI?
Increased pressure on USSR economically and militarily
96
What were the consequences of Gorbachev coming to power?
Reduced tensions introduced reforms weakened Soviet control
97
What were Gorbachev’s key reforms?
Glasnost openness and Perestroika economic restructuring
98
What were the consequences of the Reykjavik Summit?
Improved relations and moved towards arms reduction agreements
99
What were the consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall?
Symbolised collapse of communism led to German reunification and end of Cold War
100
Why did the Soviet Union collapse?
Economic weakness loss of control over Eastern Europe and internal reforms
101
Why was the end of the Cold War significant?
Ended superpower conflict and dissolved Warsaw Pact
102
Why was the Bay of Pigs a failure?
Poor planning lack of US support and strengthened Castro
103
Why did Castro ally with the USSR?
Needed protection after US hostility and Bay of Pigs
104
What was the significance of the refugee problem in Berlin?
Weakened East Germany and forced USSR to act
105
Why did Khrushchev issue the Berlin Ultimatum?
To stop refugee crisis and force West out of Berlin
106
Why did summit meetings fail 1959-61?
Deep ideological differences and lack of trust
107
What was the significance of the Hungarian Uprising?
Showed limits of US support and Soviet determination to maintain control
108
Why did the USA not intervene in Hungary?
Fear of nuclear war and Hungary being within Soviet sphere
109
What was the significance of the Prague Spring?
Showed desire for reform and limits of Soviet tolerance
110
Why did Brezhnev introduce the Brezhnev Doctrine?
To justify intervention and maintain control over Eastern Europe
111
What was the significance of Cominform?
Strengthened Soviet control over Eastern Europe politically
112
What was the significance of Comecon?
Tied Eastern Europe economically to USSR
113
Why was NATO formed?
To provide collective security against Soviet threat
114
Why was the Warsaw Pact formed?
Response to NATO and to control Eastern European militaries
115
What was the significance of SALT 1?
First major step to limit nuclear arms and reduce tensions
116
Why was SALT 2 less successful?
Lack of trust and failure to ratify due to Afghanistan invasion
117
What was agreed in the Helsinki Accords?
Human rights cooperation and improved East-West relations
118
Why were the Helsinki Accords important?
Improved relations but exposed Soviet human rights issues
119
Why was Afghanistan damaging for USSR?
Costly war weakened economy and increased opposition
120
What was the Carter Doctrine?
USA would use force to protect interests in Middle East
121
Why did tensions increase in the Second Cold War?
Reagan’s policies SDI and Soviet actions
122
What was the significance of the INF Treaty 1987?
Removed intermediate nuclear missiles and reduced tensions
123
Why was Gorbachev willing to reduce tensions?
Economic problems and need to reform USSR
124
When did the USA test its first hydrogen bomb
1952
125
When did the USSR test its first hydrogen bomb
1953
126
What are ICBMs
Intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads across continents
127
What was the Bay of Pigs invasion and why did it fail
A 1961 US backed invasion of Cuba by 1400 CIA trained exiles it failed due to Castros 20000 strong army and poor planning
128
What was the naval quarantine during the Cuban Missile Crisis
A US blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet missiles arriving called a quarantine to sound less aggressive
129
What secret agreement was made between the US and USSR after the Cuban Missile Crisis
The USSR would remove missiles from Cuba and the US would secretly remove missiles from Turkey
130
Who was Alexander Dubcek
Leader of Czechoslovakia who introduced reforms during the Prague Spring
131
When did the Prague Spring take place
1968
132
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine
Policy stating the USSR would intervene if a communist country threatened the unity of the Eastern bloc
133
Who succeeded Krushchev as leader of the USSR
Leonid Brezhnev
134
What does Glasnost mean
Openness less censorship and more freedom of speech in the USSR
135
What does Perestroika mean
Restructuring of the USSR economy with some capitalist elements
136
When did Gorbachev become leader of the USSR
March 1985
137
What was the INF Treaty
Agreement to abolish all land based missiles with a range of 500 to 5500 km
138
When did the INF Treaty take place
1987
139
What was the Strategic Defense Initiative SDI
US plan also called Star Wars to defend against nuclear missiles using space based technology
140
Why was SDI significant
Forced the USSR to reform and increased US leverage in the arms race
141
When did the Berlin Wall fall
9 November 1989
142
When was Germany officially reunified
October 1990
143
When did the Soviet Union collapse
25 December 1991
History
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
-
Cold War143
-
Medicine through time: Causes, Prevention and Treatment9
-
Medicine through Time: Individuals11
-
Medicine through Time: Organisations3
-
Medicine through Time: Technology5
-
Section A: The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914-1852
-
Elizabethan England146
-
Weimar and Nazi Germany138
-
Medicine Through Time and Medicine on the Western Front75
