1
Q
- What were the contrasting views between USA and USSR?
A
USA-Private business and making profits were allowed, multiple political parties, great gaps in wealth but most have reasonable standard of living
USSR-All businesses and profits owned by state, one party, lower average standard of living but more fair
2
Q
- Why did propaganda lead to mistrust?
A
In the west governments and media spread fear about communists to people(red scare)and in the USSR western governments were seen as a threat to the revolution.
3
Q
- Why did the first world war lead to mistrust?
A
Russians withdrew from the war so Britain and France would find it hard to trust them.
4
Q
- Why did Stalin’s regime lead to mistrust?
A
Brutal and ruthless in his rule of the country and the secretive nature of the regime and murders of high profile people led people in the west to not trust them.
5
Q
- How did the Russian civil war lead to mistrust?
A
Western countries sent troops to help the whites against the reds.
6
Q
- How did the Nazi-Soviet pact lead to mistrust?
A
Signed a non-aggression pact in 1939.
7
Q
- What was the grand alliance?
A
Halters invasion of the USSR in 1941 brought east and west together and the two sides united to fight the Nazi army.
8
Q
- What were the aims of the west in the Yalta conference 1945?
A
East west co-operation should continue and Germany should be rebuilt as an independent democratic country. Countries in the Eastern Europe should have freedom and the united nations should be formed.
9
Q
- What were the aims of the USSR in the Yalta conference in 1945?
A
Co-operation should continue, Germany should remain weak, and German industry should pay for the rebuilding of the USSR.
10
Q
- What were the aims on Churchill in the Yalta conference in 1945?
A
Wanted close relationship with the US, mistrustful of Stalin and did not understand Stalin’s pov.
11
Q
- What were the aims of Roosevelt in the Yalta conference in 1945?
A
Wanted to work with USSR, believed that only a capitalist Europe would prevent a war.
12
Q
- What were the aims of Stalin in the Yalta conference in 1945?
A
Wanted to ensure USSR could not be destructed again, thought that creating a sphere of influence around the USSR would be best way to ensure security and recognised need for co-operation with the USSR.
13
Q
- What happened in-between the Yalta and Potsdam conference?
A
Grand alliance dissolved as Truman and Atlee wanted independence for countries of Eastern Europe.
14
Q
- What were the aims of Attlee at the Potsdam conference?
A
Worried about soviet expansion, wanted a secure Germany and saw Britain as weaker and needing American friendship.
15
Q
- What were the aims of Attlee at the Potsdam conference?
A
Worried about soviet expansion, wanted a secure Germany and saw Britain as weaker and needing American friendship.
16
Q
- What were the aims of Stalin at the Potsdam conference?
A
Saw America as a rival and wanted security, thought he was powerful as the red army occupied eastern Europe. Did not trust USA as it had the atomic bomb.
17
Q
- What was the impact of the atomic bomb?
A
Stalin was informed about this by his spied but not officially which added to tension and distrust. Surrender of Japan removed need for Soviet troops in the Pacific so there was no need for the grand alliance.
18
Q
- What was the long telegram in response to soviet expansion?
A
Confirmed Truman’s fears and had a large influence on his future approach to the USSR.
19
Q
- What was Churchill’s iron curtain speech in response to soviet expansion? (On 6th March 1946)
A
While visiting USA he made a speech about the situation in Europe. He said that the USSR was attempting to spread it’s influence and a line had split Europe in two called the iron curtain.
20
Q
- What was the Truman doctrine in 1947?
A
American policy towards communism after second world war. Truman said the USA would support any country that was under threat from comunism and that the focus must be on containing communism.
21
Q
- What was the Marshall plan?
A
Putting the Truman Doctrine into plan. Countries behiind the Iron Curtain turned the aid down.
22
Q
- What was the purpose of the Marshall plan?
A
To aid economic recovery in Europe to stop people from turning to communism and to create a market for American goods to build up American economy.
23
Q
- What was the plan of the Marshall plan?
A
$13.5 billion was divided among the countries that were willing to accept aid.
24
Q
- What were the results of the Marshall plan?
A
Allowed economies to rebuild and standard of living started to rise. American economy benefited and Communism became less popular and line became clear as Stalin refused countries under his influence of accepting the aid.
25
25. What was cominform?
Stalin saw Truman Doctrine as direct threat to communism and he created Cominform to ensure unity in Eastern Europe.
26
26. What was comecon?
Stalin saw the Marshall plan as 'dollar imperialism' and he thought that USA gained power over countries that accepted the aid. He made it clear that Eastern European countries should not accept aid and countries who signed up were agreeing to work together and share resources and union of equal partners. In reality all decisions were made in Moscow.
27
27. Why was Yugoslavia a problem for Stalin?
No loyalty to Stalin and they were unwilling to follow Stalin's instructions and Tito accepted Marshall aid.
28
28. What were the causes of the Berlin blockade and airlift in 1948-49?
Western allies united their parts of Berlin and Stalin's goal was to make them withdraw. New currency was introduces on both sides. They formed Bizonia and then Trizonia in the west.
29
29. What was the blockade?
Military supply routes and traffic restrictions to Berlin by Stalin. No food, fuels or medical supplies could reach the people in the non-Soviet part of Berlin and electricity was cut. For the 2.5 million inhabitants of West Berlin, the situation became serious.
30
30. What was the western response to the Blockade?
The Berlin Airlift.
They launched a counter blockade that stopped trains travelling out of West Berlin and British and American planes delivered supplies to West Berlin and a plane was arriving every 3 minutes and 4000 tonnes of supplies were delivered daily. Neither side wanted to back down but on May 12th Stalin gave in and ended the blockade.
31
31. What was the communist revolution of china in 1949?
China became communist.
32
32. What was the relationship between China and the USSR like?
Treaty of friendship signed:
$300 million sent to China but 95 percent would have to be repaid and 8000 students from China could travel to the USSR to study science and technology. China gave two of it's major ports to the USSR.
33
33. What was the relationship between China and the West like?
Communist takeover of China was seen as a disaster and the West refused to even recognise the new government. Victory to Stalin and failure of the Truman Doctrine and containment. Threat to rest of Asia.
34
34. What were the rising tensions that led to the Korean war?
Both sides wanted to unite Korea with their own party.
35
35. What was the invasion of South Korea?
Stalin sent weapons and equipment to Kim and USA already had 7,500 troops stationed and in 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korea.
36
36. What was the response of the United nations to the Korean war?
UN voted for withdrawal of North Korean troops but USSR boycotted UN and UN sent troops that were mainly American but they were officially UN soldiers so USA could not be accused of fighting alone.
37
37. When and What was the Korean war?
From 1950-1953.
Chinese troops helped push Americans back but stalemate was reached and a ceasefire was agreed with the division looking exactly the same.
38
38. What were the consequences of the Korean war?
Showed USA was willing to go into war to contain communism and showed the power the USA and UN had. Became first proxy war and both sides did not want conflict.
39
39. Explain the American involvement in Vietnam.
In the 1950s, the USA government devised the domino theory and i thought that if south Vietnam fell to communism, the ideology would spread to nearby countries. USA initially only sent money, equipment and experts but then joined the war.
40
40. What was NATO?
Formed in 1949 in response to Berlin blockade and was a collective leadership. USA, Canada, France, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Luxembourg, Norway, Belgium and Germany later on. France UK and USA had nuclear weapons.
41
41. What was the Warsaw pact?
Formed in 1955 in response to West Germany joining NATO.
| USSR had most power and it included Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
42
42. What happened in the Space race?
1957, USSR sends first manmade satellite into orbit called Sputnik.
1958, USA send first commination's satellite into space
1961, Yuri Gagarin first person in space.
1969, Neil Armstrong is first man on moon.
1975, joint space mission - Apollo-Soyuz.
43
43. Explain the development of nuclear weaponry.
After the Americans producing one at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 the Soviets detonated first A-bomb in 1949 and the Americans responded by building the hydrogen bomb in 1952. Defence budgets rose on both sides.
44
44. What was MAD?
Mutually assured destruction was when both sides knew that launching a nuclear weapon would lead to the destruction of both sides.
45
45. What was brinkmanship?
Each side would push the other to the brink of using weapons knowing that they would eventually back down.
46
46. What was preparation for nuclear attack in link to the impact of the arms race?
Governments of both sides built underground bunkers, told children to 'duck and cover' under desks and were attempts to reassure people to prevent panic.
47
47. What was the ban the bomb movement?
Some people questioned whether nuclear weapons were morally right and the CND called for Britain to disarm.
48
48. What was the significance of the bomb in popular culture?
Inspired many works of literature, film and television such as Dr.Strangelove. Film points out danger and absurdity of the situation.
49
49. What was Hungary like before the uprising?
Strictly under control. When Stalin died in 1956, Khrushchev criticized Stalin's brutality and 'de-Stalinisation' began. Students in Hungary saw this as an opportunity to bring change to the country.
50
50. What was the Hungarian uprising?
In 1956, students took to the streets of Budapest and demanded greater freedom, civil rights, removal of Rakosi and return of Nagy who was a communist who supported reform and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Small protests grew quickly and violence began to spread and Soviet tanks were set alight so some fired n the protestors. Khrushchev ordered removal of troops.
51
51. Was Hungary new?
With soviet tanks gone and Nagy as prime minister, it was looking good. They left the Warsaw pact.
52
52. What was the Soviet response to the Hungarian uprising?
They went too far and were worried other members might be tempted to follow what Hungary did. On 4th of November Soviet tanks entered the country and crushed the uprising. Nagy was executed and replaced with someone who was loyal to Khrushchev.
53
53. How did the west respond to the Hungarian uprising?
Did not intervene as they were in sphere of influence and they did not want to risk conflict with Moscow. UN held a vote for USSR to withdraw but USSR just vetoed it.
54
54. What did Khrushchev show as a result of the Hungarian uprising?
Despite calls for peaceful co-existence, he showed he was willing to do anything to keep countries under Moscow's control. USA established that it would not interfere with events behind the iron curtain.
55
55. What was the U2 crisis in 1960?
U2 spy plain flown by Gary Powers was shot down by aircraft guns and the Americans claimed that it was simply a weather plane that had strayed into Soviet territory but there was clear evidence that this was not the case. Powers was put on trial and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
56
56. What were the immediate consequences of the U2 crisis?
Paris peace summit was cancelled and Eisenhower refused to apologise.
57
57. What were the wider consequences of the Paris peace summit?
Tensions increases and some argued that Khrushchev wanted the summit to fail to show his political oppositions in Moscow that he was tough.
58
58. What was the fear of spies in the USA?
HUAC investigated anyone with the slightest suspicion of links to communism and people began to believe there were "reds under the beds".
59
59. What was the problem with Berlin?
Citizens of East Berlin could see the freedom and luxuries of capitalism which led many people to defect away from communism into west Berlin.
60
60. What was the Vienna summit in 1961?
Kennedy met with Khrushchev and relations were repaired and Kennedy was dominated and was not taken seriously as he was young and unexperienced.
61
61. Explain the events of the Berlin wall.
In august of 1961 East German troops closed the border and barbed wire fences were put up and trains were stopped from crossing the border. Over the following week the fence was replaced by a concrete wall that would remain for 30 years. Official reason was to stop spies but in reality it was to stop educated people from leaving East Berlin and seeing what capitalism life was like.
62
62. What was the checkpoint charlie incident?
American diplomat was refused entry to East Berlin which led to a tank stand off at the border, the crisis was averted when Kennedy and Khrushchev both agreed to withdraw 5 metres at a time.
63
63. What was Kennedy's response to the wall?
Travelled to West Berlin and looked over the wall which was symbolic to the cold war. He gave a speech and made it clear that USA was comitted to fighting communism and said ich bin ein berliner. (I am a Berliner).
64
64. Batista v Castro.
Castro won 2 year war and declared a new Cuba.
65
65. Castro's cuba?
Visited USA and said he was willing to work with Americans but Eisenhower refused he turned to the USSR instead for helping building the economy. In response USA placed an embargo (ban on trade) on Cuba so now it was reliant on the USSR.
66
66. What was the plan of the bay of pigs invasion 1961?
A large group of Cuban exiles trained by the CIA would take control of CUBA and the US air force would give them support.
67
67. What were the problems of the bay of pigs invasion?
Most Cubans supported Castro and would not help with it.
68
68. What happened during the bay of pigs invasion?
Cuban exiles landed on the beach and Kennedy withdrew air support so they were left completely exposed and 200 were killed and it failed.
69
69. What were the consequences of the bay of pigs invasion?
Kennedy looked week and it pushed Castro into further relations with the USSR as they knew USA would not give up.
70
70. What happened with soviet missiles in cuba?
USA had weapons in Turkey that could reach USSR so missiles were shipped to Cuba. Kennedy ordered a blockade of CUBA but he realised a week after it had started.
71
71. How did tensions rise during the Cuban missile crisis?
Soviet ships aproached Cuba ready for a fight. These ships were carrying more missiles and US declared DEFCON 2.
72
72. How did the Cuban missile crisis lead to the brink of war?
On October 25th 1962, Soviet ship entered quarantine zone. Kennedy assembled 120,000 US troops in Florida ready for an invasion of Cuba and then Kennedy got a letter from Khrushchev saying he would remove the missiles.q
73
73. How did the danger increase during the Cuban missile crises?
USSR submarine close to Cuba thought a war had begun and nearly launched a nuclear torpedo.
74
74. How was the Cuban missile crisis averted?
Khrushchev sent second letter promising to remove missiles if US missiles were removed from Turkey and Italy. Kennedy agreed if removal of USA missiles was kept secret.
75
75. What were the positive results of the Cuban missile crisis for the USSR?
Khrushchev claimed he removed missiles for world peace, he thought his actions showed USSR was willing to show support to smaller countries, Cuba remained close aly of the USSR for the remainder of the cold war much to USA's frustration. Removal of American weapons was a big bonus even though it was secret.
76
76. What were the negative results of the cuban missile crisis for the USSR?
Senior figures in the communist party felt that Khrushchev was reckless and felt he only backed down as he had an advantage, this to to him being removed from power.
77
77. What were the positive results of the cuban missile crisis for the USA?
Kennedy had shown that he could stand up to Khrushchev and that he was not a weak leader which silenced his critics. Removal of missiles from Cuba meant there was no direct nuclear threat to the USA. Missiles were not yet powerful enough to reach the USA from the USSR.
78
78. What were the negative results of the cuban missile crisis for the USA?
They had to retreat nuclear weapons.
79
79. What did the Cuban missile crisis cause?
Phone hotline was made so quick access could be managed, White house to the Kremlin. Drew attention to the lack of control of the leaders. The partial test ban treaty (1963) banned the testing of nuclear weapons except underground.
80
80. What happened in the 1960s to Czechoslovakia?
Economic problems, Novotny was corrupt and calls for reform were growing but Moscow rejected them.
81
81. What was socialism with a human face?
In 1968, Novotny was forced to resign and replaced by Dubcek who introduced reforms. Allowing formation of trade unions, ending press censorship and giving Czechs rights to visit non communist countries. Moscow were annoyed but did not take action so he went further and planned to open borders for western countries, this was known as Prague spring.
82
82. What was the challenge for Brezhnev?
Needed to control situation without escalating it so they sent Dubcek a letter but he did not listen so they used force to solve the problem.
83
83. How did Brezhnev use force?
100 protestors killed and Dubcek ordered them not to be violent(his people).
84
84. What was the Communist response to Prague spring?
Communists were outraged and ones in the west saw it as a betrayal of communist principles. Protests in China and Yugoslavia. Red army soldiers were lied to so they shed their info and damaged the reputation of Soviet leadership.
85
85. What was the western response to Prague spring?
Cancelled meeting.
86
86. What was the Brezhnev doctrine?
Brezhnev made a speech in which he made it clear that if any other country in the Warsaw Pact behaved in the same way it would face the same consequences.
87
87. What was the impact of the Brezhnev doctrine in the west?
Ended talks to improve relations with USSR but decided to take a different view to save progress.
88
88. What was the impact of the Brezhnev doctrine in the east?
China regarded it with suspicion as they were worried that they would interfere with China which was undergoing a cultural revolution.
89
89. How was vietnam a source of tension?
USA's involvement grew massively in the 1960s but vietnam fell to communism in 1975. War ended in 1973.
90
90. How was human rights a source of tension?
Lack of human rights in USSR was a source of concern.
91
91. What was Detente?
Period from late 1960's to early 170's saw an improved relationship between USSR and USA and there was much more dialogue between them and threat of war decreased. Neither wanted to return to brinkmanship they experienced in the first half of the decade.
92
92. How was the China soviet split a reason for Detente?
USA seized the chance to build relationship with China.
93
93. How was the nuclear issue a reason for Detente?
Cuban missile crisis showed neither side would use nuclear weapons and also concern that other less stable countries could develop nuclear bombs so co-operation was needed to help limit the spread of the tech.
94
94. How was the lesson of conflict a reason for Detente?
War in vietnam showed that nuclear weapons did not help with conventional wars.
95
95. How was the economic issue a reason for Detente?
Both countries were spending billions of dollars fighting the cold war so continuing the arms race would have bankrupted the USSR.
96
96. What was SALT 1?
1969 where new ballistic missiles were banned. The number of anti-ballistic missile defence systems that could be built was limited. Most serious talks ever.
97
97. How were Nixon and Brezhnev peacemakers?
Peace makers.
98
12.1 What were the key agreements made at Yalta to do with Germany?
Germany was divided into four zones and so was berlin the same way. 1 USA, 1 Britain, 1 France and 1 USSR.
99
12.2 What were the key agreements made at yalta to do with the UN?
The UN would be formed to ensure future co-operation.
100
12.3 What were the key agrrements mad at Yalta to do with politics?
Eastern liberated countries were allowed to hold free elections.
"The Declaration of Liberated Europe" was signed.
101
12.4 The consequence of the Berlin Blockade/Airlift?
Brought the two sides to the brink of war.
West Germany became the "Federal Rupublic of Germany" (FDR), an independent democratic state.
Also NATO was formed.
102
31.1. When did China become communist?
In 1949.
103
39.1. What was the first proxy war between the two superpowers, the first actual conflict of the Cold War?
The Korean War.
104
37.1. The Veitnam war was a demonstration of the USA's fear of the what Theory and the commitment to containing communism?
The Domino Theory
105
37.2. What was the domino theory?
The theory followed in the USA from Einsenhower onwards that communism would make countries fall like dominoes; when one country becomes communist, its neighbours would soon fall too.
106
39.2 What is a proxy war? What are some examples?
An indirect war between the two superpowers where the USA or the USSR fund the other enemy; examples include Korea, Veitnam and Angola.
107
42.1. Why was there a space race to do with Propaganda?
Both countries wanted to be seen as the lead in the modern age and superior of one another.
108
42.2 Why was there a space race due to Weapons development?
The americans thought that missiles could be fired the same way Soviet rockets laucnched into space. They were correct, the ICBM could be carried thousands of miles using rockets.
109
42.3. What is and When was the ICBM created?
In 1958 (USSR) and 1959 (USA) an intercontinental ballistic missile was created. It could be fired 5,500km.
110
95.1. How was the nuclear issue a reason for Detente?
The Cuban Missile Crisis had shown that neither side was willing to use nuclear weapons, co-operation could help limit the spread of the technology into less stable countries that might develop atomic bombs.
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