At the beginning of the war, who claimed what land
France had Acadia, NF, and Louisiana. Britain had the 13 colonies and Rupert land. Both claimed NFLD bc of the cod and military space
What was the FN role in the 7 year war
the iroquois were british allies. they defeated the huron (french allies), and then french trade routes ended up going though iroquois territory. made tension in the area
what is the two row wampum
the british and Haudenosaunee used this to create an alliance of non-interference. the two purple stripes represent a FN canoe containing their religion culture etc, and the other a british ship containing the same. they would pass by each other on the river of life w/out interfering nd respecting each other
what was the silver covenant chain
agreement between Haudenosaunee and British. based arounf friendship, trade, and respect. the silver chain represents strong, unbreakable, alliance
what was the war with the mikmaq
1749-1753. between british and mikmaq. british were starting to come into FN territory, and the war ended with a treaty that is still referred to in court
who was cornwallis
british governor, sent to found the city of halifax. he placed a scalping bounty on the mikmaw.
why is cornwallis controversial
- scalping was inhuman but was used centuries ago
- le-loutre had influence over mikmaw and controlled their actions
- ppl think cornwallis acted out of racism, but mikmaq actually declared war and attacked first by scalping british settlers
- after that, cornwallis issued his scalping bounty, and le-loutre issued one for brits as well
- cornwallis shouldn’t be idolized, but we shouldnt erase him from our history and we need to realize the mikmaqs actions aswell
what was the acadian deportation
- acadians were peaccful and had a culture of mutual respect and trade. they shared w/ mikmaq. didn’t want independence, just wanted to be left alone. they wanted to remain neutral and didn’t sign an oath of alligance to britain. britain feared they would side with F or FN so they destroyed their village and deported them across NA.
what were the causes of the colonial wat
- b and f were commercial rivals
- britain wanted to remove f as a commercial rival so focused on their colonies and navy
- f wanted to fight in europe. didn’t spend much time/effort/money on their colonies
what was louisbourg
louisbourg was a french fortress guardinf the entrance into quebec from the st lawrence river.
how did the british capture louisbourg
british ships sailed up the river and started attacking the fortress. they blocked the harbour and cut off french reinforcements. b soldiers on land also cut off the town from any help. french started to run low on food and ammo. french surrendered after 7 weeks
who was james wolfe
british commander. he led 200 british ships up the river towards Quebec, w/ 9000 troops. tried to attack fortress w/cannon, and also destroyed villages along the countryside to try and bring french out into an open battle
who was marquis de montcalm
french commander. had 16000 troops, fortress, and FN allies. knew british had to retreat before winter, so tried to stay inside the fortress and hold out. fired down on enemies below and did not release his army to fight
what was the battle of the plains of abraham
- b had to capture Quebec before winter arrived.
- mid of night, his troops scaled cliffs behind the fortress
- french guards called down to see who was there, and a b soldier called out in perf french “we are French reinforcements”
- reached the top, took out guards, b had control of the plains of Abraham
- f release their army to fight in the morn
- b fired shot after shot, f kept falling and then retreated after b charged
- Wolfe died in battle, Montcalm died from injuries during retreat
- “glad I won’t live to see the surrender of Quebec”
how did the french rule end in NA
after losing quebec, they only had montreal. british controlled the atlantic and stopped ships coming from france to help. when b approached, french knew they would lose and surrendered. war was over and french rule in NA was gone
what were NF legacies
- pioneered the fur trade
- first Europeans to arrive in Canadian territory
- created successful farms despite the climate
- opened shops and businesses
- created schools, hospitals, and charities
what were the FN motivation to fight
FN often fought with whatever side guaranteed their sovereignty and land. most supported french bc of trading history, and Haudenosaunee supported british for the same reason.f and b signed peace treaty giving b control over most of NA, and FN were worried abt outsiders moving into their land
what was the treaty of paris
treaty signed between britain and france in 1763. marked the end of the 7 year war. france surrendered all their land to britain except for one small island off NFLD which they kept to have fishing rights.
why were fn worried abt their future
worried british settlers would come in and take their land
why were acadians worried about their future
allowed to return to NS post deportation, but were worried aout their language and religion bc a lot of english speakers from 13 colonies had arrived
why were french/canadiens worried about their future
worried if they would be deported like the acadians. worried if they would be able to keep their language and religion if they stayed
why were british worried about their future
wanted to keep everyone happy. worried bc they govrned french who used diff gov and laws. wondered how they would become allies with FN and keep their subjects loyal
what were the pontiac wars
13 colonies were growing and ppl were moving west into FN territory for more land. Chief pontiac and his ppl attacked fortresses to send a message. britain didn’t want any mor conflict with FN so stopped colonists from moving west. british were unhappy w/ this
what was the royal proclamation
french were unhappy to have new rulers, so british tried to make everyone happy with this.
- set aside land for FN that the king would protect from settlers. hard to enfore and settlers kept moving anyways
- stopped british from moving west, and hoped they would move north and assimilate the french, but not many did bc the best land was already taken
- establisehd british law throughout BNA, and french were not happy bc wanted to keep their laws and seigneurial system
