1. Transmission with these listed with broken skin or mucous membranes Blood 2. - include urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. 3. syringes or needles contaminated with the virus or surfaces or materials (bedding, clothing) soiled with contaminated fluids. 4. fruit bats, primates, and antelopes. If proper precautions are not taken, is easily spread.

Ebola spread trending disease 1. Direct contact with: 2. Bodily fluids 3. Contaminated objects 4. Animals that are infected:

Comm Final: Day Two presentations Flashcards by katie boone

An intentional act to harm or to kill any individual or animal, or the intentional destruction of the environment
- Toxins that can be passed through contaminated food, become airborne, or pass through water

Bioterrorism

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most harmful type, Can be passed from creature to creature and have extremely high death rates

Category A

bioterrorism

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can be spread a little easier but doesn’t cause as much illness and death as a Category A

Category B

bioterrorism

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can be spread easily in addition to being easily produced, can cause high death rates

Category C

bioterrorism

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An infection that is spread by bacteria
A human being can only get it from direct contact with the source or infected animal
Some terrorists have used it to infect a handful of people in public places because it is hard to detect where it has originated from

Anthrax

bioterrorism

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An infection that is -spread by bacteria
Can cause a person to become paralyzed and cause serious illness by a couple of different ways
A person can contract the bacteria by eating or ingesting it
Another way to contract it is an infection where bacteria grow inside an open wound
This type of spore is found inside the soil and is hard to regulate

Botulism

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Concerned that it may be used as a way to wipe out mass amounts of people in a short amount of time
There is an increase of fear in the workplace and throughout the world that the evolution of it may create health emergencies that are extremely difficult to detect and even more difficult to contain

problem bioterrorism

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Prepare for a future possible attack
After an attack happens
Rehabilitation of survivors from the attack

Levels of prevention
Primary
secondary 
tertiary
bioterrorism

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• Most common sites for an acts to happen
Larger tower building, government buildings, or sporting event
• Create a plan in case of an attack and make sure the plan is ready to implement
• Biosafety, Safety gear located in case of an emergency
• Know the chain of command and duties during an attack
• Protocols in place for infection control and containment
• Address the communities fears and concerns about an attack

Primary intervention stage

bioterrorism

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Early recognition of an attack
Identify the agent that was released during the attack
Identify people who are at risk for being exposed to the agent
Response plan put in place before the attack will be set in motion
Control any infections and contain it so it does not spread
Assist in assessing the population to look for exposure
If exposed would administer vaccinations if possible, administering any medication
Educate the population about sign and symptoms of the agent
Monitoring morbidity and mortality rate

Secondary intervention stage

bioterrorism

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Assist the population with medication treatments and referrals
Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan that was put in place
Help people deal with the effects of the attack and assisting victims move on

Tertiary intervention stage

bioterrorism

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Fear in the community and widespread panic
Heightened the level of fear and anxiety
Uncertainty of an attack
How large the attack and if they were affected or not affected

Impact on the community

bioterrorism

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-Community comes together and helps other in this time of need

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

1. First Stage: The Heroic Stage

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-Healthy individuals come together with survivors and reminisce, Helps to heal and express feelings

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Second Stage: The Honeymoon stage

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-Resources become inadequate and the population is at a standstill until more resources come

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Third Stage: Disillusionment Phase

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-Return the community to a state of normalcy

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Fourth Stage: Reconstruction Phase

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Analyze the information distributed to the community
Determine if the information was given promptly and at what value was placed on the importance of cooperating
Accuracy of the information given
Emergency plan to see how well it was executed and what requires some improvements
Look at the health community and nursing staff to see how well they provided care and if they carried out their designated roles

Evaluation of primary interventions

bioterrorism

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Trace back through the charting and see how quickly the disease was noted and when it was contained
Quality of nurse educated with the staff members, family, and anyone else in contact with that individual
unable to contain, then the community will have to find a way to prevent the spread of the illness
How well the community is able to recognize the attack and what the possible agent was

Evaluation of the secondary interventions:

bioterrorism

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Focuses on how well treatment is working
Helping people cope with the catastrophic event
Determine how well the community decreased the crisis and the availability of healthcare professionals.
How many people were affected by the act
How far the disease spread
How many people died from the event
What type of treatment worked for the illness and what did not

Evaluating tertiary interventions:

bioterrorism

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Study conducted evaluating the primary, secondary and tertiary interventions
Assessing the interventions that were implemented and how these helped to control and prevent attacks can give feedback for future ways to prepare and handle attacks
Administering more knowledge to the public
- Teaching the public how they can prepare
- Informing the public on the procedures in place
- Offering classes to better prepare for a attack

Policy Procedure

bioterrorism

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Enterobacter virus- D68: resp illness affecting a lot of children claiming lives, looked like common cold
Influenza- flu shots to prevent, kills around 3,000-49,000 annually
Whooping Cough- kids affected and killed many
Ebola Virus

Trending Disease

Common Trending Diseases

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Epidemic on the rise to pandemic
High mortality rates 48-50%
- Lack of education/ Africa has a lack of education on how the disease is transmitted, and they do not have the proper care and treatment available.
- Lack of proper care and treatment

Problem Explanation Ebola

trending disease

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There is a lack of information of how There are many theories on transmission and multiple strains of the virus.

spread of ebola

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Transmission with these listed with broken skin or mucous membranes
Blood
- include urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen.
syringes or needles contaminated with the virus or surfaces or materials (bedding, clothing) soiled with contaminated fluids.
fruit bats, primates, and antelopes. If proper precautions are not taken, is easily spread.

Ebola spread trending disease

Direct contact with:
Bodily fluids
Contaminated objects
Animals that are infected:

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1. Fatigue, headache, fever, & chills 2. High fever, vomiting blood, rash, & passive behavior 3. Bleeding from nose, mouth, eyes, & anus 4. Seizures, internal bleeding, loss of consciousness, & death - Everyone should be aware of these signs and symptoms to protect themselves. Extra caution should be taken while traveling, especially to and from Africa. Can transmit once symptoms begin. Healthcare workers should also be aware and cautious of patients experiencing such symptoms.

``` ebola trending disease Symptoms and Protecting Yourself Day 5-9: Day 10: Day 11: Day 12 ```

Prevention is key! | Proper attire should be worn

ebola trending disease | The Public Health Nurse’s Role

Educate community members on transmission -education and awareness, avoiding areas in Africa, animals that may carry the disease, and people who may have had exposure, no vaccine at this time (2 potential vaccines)

primary prevention ebola trending disease

Prevent disease from spreading -screening systems in hospitals, quarantine, PPE, universal precautions, disinfection of surfaces, notify those who may have had contact with Ebola patients

Secondary prevention ebola trending disease

Reduce complications through treatment - no treatment available, key is supportive care and a working immune system Ensure safety of the community Talk about education as a preventive measure (quarantine, proper attire, etc.) Contacting proper authorities-If in hospital setting, know the protocol and who to contact first with suspected case (chain of command)

tertiary prevention | ebola trending disease

- High number of fatalities and fear of the unknown are spreading faster than the virus itself. - Many Americans are frustrated with infected patients in America. Elaborate on how the hospitals were unprepared/CDC not involved properly. If proper precautions were taken, then why is it spreading? - High amount of cases with little education means a faster spreading disease. Mortality rate is around 50%. Cases and deaths listed are from WHO as of Nov. 4th.

Ebola Impacting the Community Worry and fear spreading: Frustration towards the healthcare system:

Protect the community and prevent further transmission Preserve life to optimal levels Provide proper care to individuals

The Main Goals ebola trending disease

1. Find active cases: Ask individuals if they have been in contact with an Ebola pt, traveled to Africa, or have similar symptoms previously mentioned before handling blood or bodily fluids. 2. Respond appropriately 3. Prevent further cases- treating pt with blood transfusions and iv fluids Proper equipment and education provided

Policy Recommendation ebola trending disease

- Cutting and injuring of the female genitals without any form of anesthetic or analgesia - Done for cultural purposes; no therapeutic reason for it - done in Africa and seen all over world: impacts culturally and socially - ppl from countries that don’t do it and they join area that does they participate in cutting to fit in - Women are in danger losing their right to participate in the country - family tradition, sent home country to get cut

violence against women | What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

Type 1: excision of prepuce or clitoris Type 2: excision of the clitoris and labia minora, partial or full removal labia Type 3: excision of the external genital with closure of the introlus, partial and full , can’t be reversed is the worst type -It is illegal in the U.S. and many other countries. In the U.S. it is considered child abuse and CPS will have to get involved Type 4: stretch labia, pricking piercing scrapping cauterizing cutting or inserting substances to dry and stretch the vagina

violence against women | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

-Clitoris is unclean and poisons infants during birth Tight vagina increases sexual pleasure of the male Protects female chastity and marital fidelity Protects family honor Makes women more beautiful

violence against women | Cultural Purposes of FGM

Hemorrhage, Pain, Urinary retention, Infection, Sepsis, Ulcers, Abscesses, Recurrent UTIs, Renal damage, HIV, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Infertility, PTSD, Depression, Prolonged and obstructed labor, Fetal hypoxia, Stillbirth, Death

violence against women | Consequences of FGM

women violence fgm How would you go about confronting the parents and what questions would you ask them?

1. Ask if they believed in practice and if they were planning on doing this while they are there 2. Address directly, we realize it is common are you going to do it

women violence fgm What interventions would you do as the PHN?

1. Education about complications, what it is and address it is a part of culture

women violence fgm Is it illegal or legal for her to to undergo this practice?

1. It is legal in US and cps will get involved / if citizen they can be prosecuted at any time it is illegal over there , follow up the physician that is doing it and press charges

- The veil is a tool for the suppression and oppression of women. It is meant to segregate. It is representative of how women are viewed: sub-human, ‘deficient,’ ‘inferior,’ without rights, and despised. Trapped in a mobile prison not to be heard from or seen/ black or gray, heavy wool - not allowed to leave house unless by male relative

women violence Burqas

So men can focus fully on their duties and resist sexual temptations in the public - Quran does not mention or require to be worn - Cultural custom not religious custom

Why are Burqas/Burkas Used? | women violence

- Don’t have right to express if they want to wear it or not; can’t express themselves by choosing their clothes, etc 2. 3. – only see eyes – missing their mouth, figure, can’t see facial expressions, hides body 4. - hides the woman’s figure, does not show the gender differences, breast, - wearer may feel that she cannot breathe, that she might slowly be suffocating. She may feel buried alive and may become anxious or claustrophobic

``` Why is it Wrong for Women to Wear Burqas? Takes away: 1. Autonomy 2. dignity 3. Identity 4. Sexuality ```

- The process of digitally manipulating or altering photos to achieve a better image - As the secrets of are beginning to be brought to the public eye, people are starting to realize the effects of the editing on females throughout the county. - Not only on impressionable young girls, but also on women of all ages, effecting their body image and self-esteem. Creating an unrealistic perfect image of a woman is transforming the concept of an “ideal” body in today’s society. - As young women in society strive to meet the “ideal” body size and image, they are going to great lengths to achieve their goals including the development of eating disorders and unsafe exercise practices. - Celebrities are starting to speak out against

women violence | Photo editing

—using women from all ethnicities and of all sizes to promote the real beauty within each individual —no retouching, no supermodels; promoting the slogan: “The real you is sexy.”

women violence Campaigns Against Photo Editing 1. Dove Campaign for Real Beauty 2. Aerie Real Campaign

- Educating men and women about violence and how to report it. - Educate people about the different types of violence: emotional, sexual, physical

Primary Prevention | women violence

- Screening those at risk - Young girls for eating disorders - Girls at risk for FGM - Including questions during physical exams asking about violence

Secondary Prevention | women violence

- Reversal of FGM if possible - Treatment for anorexia - Psychological treatment - Support groups for victims of violence

Tertiary Prevention | women violence

- The infant and mortality rates could increase along with acute and chronic respiratory illnesses. - Emergency room visits could increase substantially and could possibly be related to the increase of respiratory illnesses

air pollution | environemental nursing

- Regulates air pollution from both point and nonpoint sources. - Pollution has considerably gotten worse since 2010; however, these are estimates of what may occur by 2020 if something does not change.

The Clean Air Act | environmental nursing

-Carbon monoxide, dusts, molds, cockroaches, pests and pets, cleaning and personal care products, lead, and smoke.

Indoor sources of air pollution

1. - Fixed sites, Identifiable sites, Smoke stacks | 2. -Mobile sites, Vehicles, trucks, and buses

Outdoor Sources air pollution Point sources Nonpoint sources

Asthma and other respiratory diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Cancer, Immunological effects, Reproductive health problems including birth defects, Neurological problems

Health Effects Associated with Air Pollution

-Stay away from first, second, and third hand smoke Air purifiers throughout the home Turn off lights when you leave the room Recycle Use solar lighting Lower the thermostat on the water heater to 120F. Test your home for radon and carbon monoxide.

Levels of Prevention | air pollution

Education Seminars and pamphlets that provide additional information and education about the harmful effects of air pollution. -Immunocompromised patient will need further education related to not decreasing their immune system any further.

Primary Prevention: | air pollution

Screening individuals at risk | Detect any lung and cardiovascular problems

Secondary Prevention: | air pollution

Manage diagnosed illness Signs, symptoms, and complications Consider psychosocial problems related to presenting illness Provide support to patient and family members

Tertiary Prevention: | air pollution

-Main reason is man-made waste -Chemicals are not found in nature present in soil -Higher levels of natural contaminates become harmful to human health -Soil combined with man-made chemicals and the natural environment may interact with the release of pollutants Higher effect on children and those that have compromised health issues

Soil Pollution

-Accidental spills and leaks, Manufacturing processes, Mining activities, Transportation, Dumping of chemicals, Storage of wastes in landfills, Natural accumulation of compounds, Acid rain

Current Trends of Soil Pollution

1. -Long term exposure can lead to congenital illnesses and chronic health issues - Serious health issues related to toxic and foul gas emissions from landfills 2. -Soil erosion due to fungi and bacteria found in soil 3. -Toxic Dust

Effects of Soil Pollution | -Human health

- Illness in livestock causes long term food poisoning - Famines due to crops and plants not being able to grow - Crops and plants unable to adapt to new contaminates found in soil - Decrease in agriculture and vegetation survival due to decrease soil fertility

Effects of Soil Pollution | -Crop and plant absorption pass to humans when consume

-Prevention of air and water pollution that can lead to soil pollution Will take time and resources -Regulations for disposal of hazardous waste and emissions -Organic farming, which do not use pesticides and fertilizers that are full of chemicals -Use of certain plants that can remove the pollutants

Prevention of Soil Pollution

-Not clean enough for fish or swimming 64% of lakes 44% of streams 30% of bays -Leading pollutants in water include bacteria, mercury, phosphorus, and nitrogen. -The surface of a city block can generate five times more runoff than a wooded area of the same size. -Chemical pollutants in the water kills algae, therefore, reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen which are called dead zones= in which organisms cannot survive, hard to unflip

Water Pollution

-is a measure of the cloudiness of water. It is used to indicate water quality and filtration effectiveness (such as whether disease-causing organisms are present) Common Contaminants of Drinking Water

current trends water pollution Turbidity -bacteria Mercury phosphorus nitrogen

Indianapolis -The excess water contains dangerous bacteria, viruses, and parasites. 2/3 of the outflow pipes are in the lower socioeconomic neighborhoods of Indianapolis. 72 sewage outflow points are within a quarter mile of a park, recreation center, or schools. EPA-mandated $3.1 billion waste water treatment program

water pollution

Education Defining the true meaning of pollution Posting warnings sign along creeks and rivers

primary prevention water pollution

- Identify population at risk and educate: Young, vulnerable children People living around highly contaminated water

secondary prevention water pollution

Manage signs and symptoms of illnesses | Manage and educate patients on management of GI distress, kidney disease, and its complications

Tertiary prevention | water pollution

-Educate on how to properly do use the boil advisory

Food Pollution

- The USDA National Program (NOP) defines as: 1. food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. 2. meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. 3. food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation.

Food Pollution | organic

- Before a product can be labeled __ a Government approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farmer is following all rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards. - Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified as well.

food pollution | organic

1. use of usd a organic seal is optional 2. 95% or more organic ingredients, use of usda organic seal is optional 3. at least 70% organic ingredients 4. : organic ingredients denoted in ingredients list only

How do I know if something is really organic? 1. 100% organic: 2. Organic: 3. Made with organic ingredients: 4. Less than 70% organic ingredients

celery, bell pepper, spinach, strawberry, peach, apple, cherry, pear, potato

Dirty dozen always buy organic:

avocado, eggplant, banana, broccoli, tomato, onion, mango, watermelon, cabbage

low pesticide foods: | don't have to buy organic

Comm Final: Day Two presentations Flashcards

(73 cards)