communication models and post-normal science

Question 1

what component of communication is the sender of the message

Answer 1

source

Question 2

What component of communication is the recipient of the message

Answer 2

receiver

Question 3

What component of communication is the process of turning thoughts into communication

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

What component of communication is the process of turning communication into thoughts

Answer 4

decoding

Question 5

What component of communication is the reply or response (verbal or non-verbal) to the message

Answer 5

feedback

Question 6

What component of communication is the content of communication

Answer 6

message

Question 7

What component of communication is the vehicle through which communication travels

Answer 7

channel

Question 8

What component of communication is the interference in communication

Answer 8

noise

Question 9

What comm model only looks at one-way communication and is a single-direction process that occurs when a sender passes along a message without any feedback or response from the receiver?

Answer 9

Linear model

Question 10

What comm model is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, messages, and information and involves an active exchange between two or more parties where each takes turn as the sender and receiver of the message

Answer 10

Interactive model

Question 11

What comm model is the communication between two or more people in an ongoing exchange of messages where both sender and receiver influence what is communicated. It hones in on the context of the mesage and how it is process by each person, paying special attention to nonverbalcues like posture, vocal inflection, and facial expressions

Answer 11

Transactional Models

Question 12

What linear model is…
communication > message > medium > receiver > effect

Answer 12

Laswell’s comm model

Question 13

What linear model is…
sender > encoder > channel (< noise) > decoder > receiver

Answer 13

Shannon and Weaver’s comm model

Question 14

What linear model is…
(sender; encoder) > signal (< noise) > (decoder; receiver)

involves field of experience

Answer 14

Schramm’s comm model

Question 15

What linear model is…
envi factors > sender > gatekeeper > receiver

Answer 15

Westley and Maclean’s comm model

Question 16

What linear model is…
source (KAP) > message (content) > channel (5 senses) > receiver (KAP)

Answer 16

Berlo’s comm model

Question 17

Examples of linear models of communication

Answer 17

1. radio
2. TV
3. book publications
4. socmed posts
5. letters/memos

Question 18

7 biases associated with linear models

Answer 18

1. view of comm as one-way instead of two-way overtime
2. source biased on dependency not interdependency
3. tendency to focus on objects of comm isolated from their context (in a vacuum)
4. tendency to focus on messages per se
5. tendency to consider primary purpose of communication for persuasion
6. tendency to concentrate on psychologicl effects of communication on separate individuals
7. belief in one-way mechanistic causation

Question 19

Advantages of linear communication

Answer 19

1. beneficial for mass communication
2. simple and straightforward
3. more efficient
4. ensures only one message is delivered

Question 20

disadvantages of linear communication

Answer 20

1. does not allow feedback
2. does not account for noise
3. ineffective when multiple messages
4. difficulty in ensuring everyone understands the same message
5. less effective when multiple stakeholders are involved

Question 21

examples of interactive models of communication

Answer 21

1. emails
2. text messages
3. online forums
4. chat rooms
5. conversation with two or more people

Question 22

Advantages of interactive communication

Answer 22

1. increased flexibility
2. more effective
3. improved problem solving
4. higher levels of trust

Question 23

Disadvantages of interactice communication

Answer 23

1. requires more effort
2. time consuming
3. sensitivity and emotional risks
4. difficulties in measuring success
5. difficult for mass communication

Question 24

Examples of transactional models of communication

Answer 24

1. phone calls
2. focus groups
3. group discussions
4. brainstorming sessions
5. video conference

Question 25

Advantages of transactional communication

Answer 25

1. allows two-way comm 2. ensure effective feedback 3. encourages open dialogue

Question 26

disadvantages of transactional communication

Answer 26

1. does not guarantee perfect transmission of ideas and emotions 2. can become quite time consuming 3. relies heavily on nonverbal cues 4. could also become too personal

Question 27

What model depicts communication as cyclical and interactive and no distinctions are made betwen the source and the receiver, between message and feedback; the participants in the communication process are regarded as CO-EQUALS; involves MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

Answer 27

Convergence model

Question 28

what is the process whereby an individual becomes engaged with transformative, democratic, and humanistic pedagogical practices and are not mere receptacles of reality but who as ‘knowing subjects achieve a deepening awareness both of the socio-cultural reaility which shapes their lives and of their capacity to transform that reality’

Answer 28

Conscientization

Question 29

What denotes an individuals set of abilities and commitments necessary to find, understand, assess, and act on informaiton about the health of our environment and embodies values, beliefes, and attitudes toward sustaining a healthy environment?

Answer 29

Environmental literacy

Question 30

What is a proficiency which is developed mainly in mathematics but also other subjects and involves developing confidence and competence with numbers and measures?

Answer 30

Numeracy

Question 31

what does the concept of environmental literacy imply?

Answer 31

1. knowledge of envi issues and the credible science behind them 2. understanding of the ‘whole picture’ not just minor parts of it

Question 32

Issue analysis: what is a situation in which someone or something is at risk. The problemis agreed upon, but dispute lies in deciding on a solution. Likewise, the process for finding a solution is likely to be debated

Answer 32

Problem

Question 33

Issue analysis: a multipdimentional situation bringing together a related set of problems, where different values and beliefs about the problems are held by various players/stakeholders

Answer 33

Issue

Question 34

Issue analysis: individuals, groups, or organizations holding a vested interest in an issue and its outcome.

Answer 34

Players/stakeholders

Question 35

Issue analysis: the stance or postures various players adopt concerning an issue. DIffering values and beliefs exist for the various players, so their positions will differ too

Answer 35

positions

Question 36

Issue analysis: alternative strategies and ideas employed to find consensus and resolution for an issue

Answer 36

solutions

Question 37

What is the over-emphasizing of a selective viewpount and propaganda material is used.

Answer 37

Bias

Question 38

What is it when so much information about an issue is left out of an explanation that can make the message misleading.

Answer 38

Simplified

Question 39

What is it when individual human dimensions of a wider envi problem are highlighted, the issue is given face and TUGS at your heartstrings?

Answer 39

Personalized

Question 40

What is it when a non-local issue is sensationalized when the focus is on a single town, natural area, industry, or other entity only

Answer 40

Sensationlaized/Glamorized

Question 41

Who wrote science for post-normal age

Answer 41

Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz

Question 42

what is widely used as a term for describing contemporary cultural phenomena and refers to an apporach of unrestrained criticism of the assumptions underlying our dominant culture, and flirts with nihilism and despair?

Answer 42

Post-modern

Question 43

According to Kuhn, what is the unexciting, indeed anti-intellectual routine puzzle solving by which science advancces steadily between its conceptual revolutions. Unvertainties are managed automatically, values are unspoken, and foundational problems are unheard of?

Answer 43

Normal science

Question 44

what fosters a new methodology that helps guid its development devloped by Funtowicz and Ravets where uncertainty is not banished by managed and values are not presupposed but are made explicit

Answer 44

Post-normal science

Question 45

what are analyzed in PNS

Answer 45

1. quantity of scientific information 2. problem-solving strategies

Question 46

What conveys the principle that the problem is concerned noot with the discovery of a particular fact, but with the comprehension or management of an inherently complex reality

Answer 46

Systems uncertainties

Question 47

What are all the various costs, benefits, and value commitments that are involved in the isue through the various stakeholders

Answer 47

Decision stakes

Question 48

applied science: professiknal consultancy: post-normal science:

Answer 48

1. mission oriented 2. client serving 3. issue driven