Community Practice Flashcards

Question

Models of Practice: Locality Development

Answer 1

neighborhood work aimed at improving the quality of community life through the participation of a broad spectrum of people at the local level

Answer 2

process-oriented, the purpose is to help diverse elements of the community join together to resolve common problems and improve the community

Answer 3

broadly defined community can resolve its problems and develop increased ability to solve problems through rational participatory problem solving

Answer 4

an emphasis on consensus and capacity building

Answer 5

enabler, coordinator, educator, broker within such settings as the neighborhood or village

Answer 6

total geographic community

Answer 7

settlement houses, Peace Corps

Answer 8

emphasizes careful, rational study of community's political, social, economic, and population characteristics to provide a basis for identifying agreed-upon problems and determining a range of solutions to community problems

Answer 9

task-oriented problems might include lack of child care, mental health services, police protection, etc

Answer 10

fact gathering, rational action, and needs assessment

Answer 11

consensus or conflict

Answer 12

researcher, reporter, data analyst, program planner, program implementer, facilitator

Answer 13

total community or functional community defined by a common problem, such as the elderly or disabled needing special care

Answer 14

welfare councils, federal bureaucracy, planning board

Answer 15

planning homeless shelters, after school recreation programs

Answer 16

requires an easily identifiable target and relatively clear cut, easily explainable goals target is usually those community institutions that control and allocate funds, community resources, and power

Answer 17

conflicts between landlords and tenants, or employers and employees direct action may be the only way to convince those with power to relinquish some of their resources and power

Answer 18

used confrontation to achieve social goals, and frequently supported the efforts of unions to organize and to secure improved wages and better working conditions

Answer 19

issues identified, labeled, and described individuals affected are helped to take action against powerful community institutions

Answer 20

advocate, activist, and negotiator the worker is committed to a cause and pursues it with the clients and others

Answer 21

conflict, confrontation, contest, and direct action

Answer 22

welfare rights organizing, tenant organizing, working with women's rights movement

Answer 23

work with other organizations for the disadvantages workers role is to develop coalitions of various groups to pressure for change by changing laws, the worker can overcome community resistance to local programs

Answer 24

mixture of social action and social planning

Answer 25

fact gathering and publicity to assist disadvantaged populations, lobbying, and political pressure

Answer 26

the social reform approach tends to operate within long time frames andis a strategy usually pursued by elites in behalf of disadvantaged groups

Answer 27

professional associations (NASW), public interest groups (Ralph Nader's organization or the Child Welfare League)

Answer 28

increasing welfare benefits or services such child care for working parents, improved economic development to resolve unemployment problems

Answer 29

first phase organize members who may lack community consciousness, or awareness of possible solutions to local problems or organizational skills

Answer 30

worker helps people identify and define some community problems for which the agency might wish to provide service

Answer 31

worker (often with core group) identifies potential members, meets with community members, facilitates meetings of potential activists, motivates and recruits them as members of a group, and help them identify and describe a problem agenda that requires action

Answer 32

secondary during the early phase and primary focus is on process, establishing relationships with and among community people as group members, and building trust and confidence that group action can make a difference

Answer 33

within formal organization or informally

Answer 34

cultivating group cohesion of the new group and developing some goals but not yet addressing more complex or major tasks that may seem overwhelming

Answer 35

second phase still concerned with fostering group cohesion but now the focus is to link community's problems to goal development

Answer 36

cultivate social bonds among group members and increase group cohesion

Answer 37

third phase emphasis is still not on completing tasks but on creating an organization with program objectives and formulating programs to achieve goals

Answer 38

develop program and organizational structures

Answer 39

develop leadership and coalitions, broaden support, and reduce organizers' role

Answer 40

shifts from secondary to primary concern

Answer 41

fourth phase a more complex organization directed toward change and negotiation with a target system worker is more heavily involved in technical tasks at this stage of group organization group now working in coalitions with individuals and groups to attain its goals

Answer 42

implement strategy, administration, and planning

Answer 43

develop tactics of education, persuasion, bargaining, and political pressure

Answer 44

primary concern now is to achieve tasks and generate changes desired by the group

Answer 45

purpose is not focused on changing the social system emphasizes developing accessible services for consumers who are in need, and helping them live normally within the context of the existing community

Answer 46

organization with integrative goals can attract substantial community support since they do not challenge existing social arrangements usually framed as enhancing or coordinating remedial services services are streamlined but basic concepts are not changed

Answer 47

to raise consciousness of participants

Answer 48

-changes participants to improve their sense of themselves -tasks are secondary to enhancing consciousness and competence -seeks to develop leadership -participants encouraged to assume responsibility -participants encouraged to develop pride in their ethnic, racial, gender, and/or social group

Answer 49

to resolve a community problem

Answer 50

substantive change in problem areas

Answer 51

the greater change sought, the more likely that resistance will be encountered

Answer 52

new traffic light at a street corner more frequent trash collection

Answer 53

improved access to healthcare increasing school budgets

Answer 54

local city, state, national policy international

Answer 55

Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft

Answer 56

people live and work in their community they know one another, and care about and are committed to their local community agricultural economy encouraged family and village relationships as basic economic and social unit informal relationships intimate relationships allow sentiment to determine helping relationships relationships are end in themsleves

Answer 57

because of industrialization and urbanization, people are less involved with family and the local community often work in communities distant from the ones in which they live, and relate more to professional and business associates than to friends industrial production requires more instrumental relationships than those of less complex societies formal relationships impersonal relationships relationships are means to other ends

Answer 58

community defined by organization of social activities accessible in day-to-day living rather than through spatial relations

Answer 59

production, distribution, and consumption socialization social control social participation mutual support

Answer 60

local autonomy coincidence of service areas psychological identity horizontal patterns: decisions are made within the community' vertical patterns: decisions affecting community are made outside of community

Answer 61

a major problem of communities specialization and division of labor differentiation and division of labor bureaucracies impersonal relationships value differences

Answer 62

Issue Consensus Issue Differences Issue Dissensus

Answer 63

issue agreement exists or will follow when considered common interests of various community groups collaborative strategies

Answer 64

issue agreement is possible but may be difficult to achieve common interests exist but are not perceived as such campaign strategy to persuade those who disagree

Answer 65

issue agreement does not exist nor is it necessarily desired segmented interests polarize issues and permit clarity of purpose contest strategy, value differences

Answer 66

ability to influence others in intended ways

Answer 67

resources controlled by an individual or organization lead to increased power and influence

Answer 68

a constituency can be translated into political power through democratic means or through the power to disrupt

Answer 69

a high degree of social organization suggests and ability to control and order resources to conform to agendas a well-organized community group can easily convert a dispute into a demonstration the higher the degree of the organization, the greater the need to listen to the organizational leadership

Answer 70

asserts a limited amount of power and resources when one group gains power, another must relinquish power making conflict inevitable power is concentrated in a small minority conflict strategies are necessary for a group to secure influence or power

Answer 71

power is decentralized, its use regulated by contests between conflicting interests power is distributed according to specific interests and domains may exercise undue influence over government such as controlling resources power is more fluid and accessible power shifts between different groups and among members of a population, depending on the mix of interests involved or mobilized collaborative strategies and large coalitions can acquire sufficient power and influence to realize their objectives

Answer 72

coordination of private and state-operated systems of relief agencies to insure services were provided to the needy and duplicate services were not offered to anyone public services rudimentary, very limited, and often punitive concern with control of "pauperism," the tendency of the poor to become dependent upon charity and to manipulate charitable organizations

Answer 73

introduces idea of scientific philanthropy and notion that purpose of philanthropy should be to promote moral and social betterment

Answer 74

the period between 1885 and the beginning of WWII is generally described as the Progressive Era marked by rapid urbanization and industrialization governments and universities were seen as ways to aid social problems applying science to human problems reaches maturity social research and other forms of investigation become the tools of social reform government acts as a broad base to help delegate and create resources that can help with social problems

Answer 75

large-scale immigration concern with neighborhood problems increased emphasis on legislative action development of social reform movements by Settlement Houses which provide a venue for college students and educated men and women to learn about the poor focus on improved public administration, increased resources for public health, and greater business regulation to prevent exploitation of children and families distinct orientation to social reform and involvement of young, middle-class professionals in resolving social problems of the poor faith in public information, research, and the power of an informed and active public focus on facilitating intergroup relations and protecting immigrants and the poor

Answer 76

postwar period some government institutions founded during the Progressive period continue and even expand, the general attitude expressed by government is to limit its involvement in social problems private nonprofit sector continues to expand the general attitude expressed by government is to limit its involvement in social problems social workers are taken with the new Freudian psychology and begin to adapt social work methods, particularly in work with children and families beginnings of movement to professionalize social work and identify it more closely with medical model

Answer 77

umbrella organization for raising funds and coordinating services of various agencies

Answer 78

attempts to define COP and considers whether it is a legitimate form of social work

Answer 79

election of Franklin Roosevelt at the heigh of the Depression leads to a radical alteration of the American framework for social welfare much of the legislation creating the programs of the New Deal is passed during this period during the second phase of the New Deal, the elements of the modern Social Security Program are enacted, these include the Social Security Act of 1935, the basic federally-funded or mandated social insurance and income maintenance programs that fundamentally change the role of the federal government in providing support to families and individuals economic depression alters perceptions about the role of government, and introduces the idea that government should provide a safety net of programs and services for the poor, as well as programs designed to insure the well-being of the aged COP emphasizes a professional role as technical experts, planners for social change, and implementers of government policy new bureaucracies are created to carry out the Social Security Act, as well as the work and welfare programs introduced by Roosevelt's New Deal social workers become the managers and organizers of the new public programs the locus of social research shifts from the private sector to the federal government as planners seek to calculate need and understand trends

Answer 80

Postwar period social emphasis shifts to reintegration of veterans and economic development housing and urban redevelopment emerge as major public priorities, while family issues become larger themes in American culture multi-family is identified as the locus for many social problems, but clinical strategies eventually dominate social welfare thinking, and larger reform issues are ignored organized localities for community collaboration COP emerges as a social work method many schools introduce a COP training program as an alternate specialization

Answer 81

The Office of Juvenile Delinquency, headed by Robert Kennedy, identifies community change as an important variable in reducing delinquency motivated by research and in part by social reformers projects such as Mobilization for Youth in New York City and ABCD in Boston, actively call for a redistribution of power and resources the passage of Economic Opportunity Act in 1964 creates new opportunities for community organization practitioners to identify with urban responds by training many organizers in community settings COP first accepted by CSWE as a social work method (1962), leading to the development of COP method tracks in schools of social work community organizers are active in the civil rights movement, helping disenfranchised citizens organize and develop programs designed to secure their rights organize disadvantaged for social change and redistribution of power new federal programs in the 1960s and early 1970s acknowledge the importance of community participation in programs designed to affect the living conditions and neighborhoods of the poor

Answer 82

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 national concern with meeting the needs of the poor mandates community participation in planning and administering agency services for programs receiving federal funds federal government-funded community organizations bypass urban governments and, for a brief period, provide funding for hundreds of local nonprofit organizations such as Community Action Programs

Answer 83

an open-ended standard introduced by planners of the Community Action Program of the Office of Economic Opportunity to insure municipal and state government did not dominate federally-funded programs targeted to urban neighborhoods

Answer 84

organizes the power to change the policies of public welfare organizations

Answer 85

period of social reaction that changes the nature of COP changes in social policy reduce the availability of residential services, such as inpatient mental health care and services for the developmentally disabled; this leads to a growth of a nonprofit, community-based social agency structure that benefits from privatization of social services and the expansion of community-based care for many client categories a period of reaction to the turmoil of the 1960s and growing unease among many about the growth in numbers of dependent families emphasis shifts to management, planning, and organization of service as a partial response to growing public criticisms of programs for the poor and changing political climate community organizers also serve as program developers also serve as program developers to involve communities in planning and implementing new programs working with communities to provide community-based programs

Answer 86

-Effectiveness refers to the extent to which an organization accomplishes its goals -Efficiency refers to the relationship between the amount of resources an organization uses to achieve its goals and the outcomes it actually generates

Answer 87

-Protecting the interests of clients -Securing and protecting social services and health care for different groups

Answer 88

rising welfare costs accompanied by a rapidly growing welfare population leads to changes in perception about the value of social programs increasingly, violent crime and growing drug use in cities are perceived by conservative legislators as symptoms of family breakdown these problems are associated with welfare support for unwed mothers social research points to findings that suggests few families remain on welfare for long periods and represent a relatively small proportion of the welfare population, pressure grows for change these perceptions lead to a radical alteration in public assistance and the development of new models public assistance administered through the Clinton administration program limits welfare Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is implemented during the 1990s costs of many income support, social, and health programs emerge that promise to control costs while not necessarily reducing program quality Affordable Health Care Act passed in 2010; increased controversy about the design may require future congresses to make dramatic changes in the goals and designs of the program idea of mental health care gradually gains support idea of managed care demonstrates that managed care reduces the rate of growth in health care costs over care traditional adopted care idea of managed care be limiting required raises concern of patients being denied necessary services costs of many income support, social, and health programs for the non-poor rapidly accelerates Medicare, Public Assistance, and Social Security have come under increasing criticisms as costs rise and methods for controlling substance abuses appeared to be inadequate new techniques and programs emerge that promise to control costs while not necessarily reducing program quality passage of the ACA in 2010 changes the landscape of health insurance; hesitation and scrutiny about ACA and many states refused to implement the Medicaid features of the program mental health care gradually; managed care organizations demonstrate that managed care reduces the rate of growth in health care-costs over traditional indemnity insurance

Answer 89

mandated time limits for assistance, work training, and child care as a comprehensive approach to reducing the use of welfare advocates for the poor argue the program is leading to widespread misery and the costly employment-training and child-care components are largely illusory

Answer 90

mostly nonprofit organizations, profit-making corporations have recently made substantial inroads in the delivery of health care large publicly owned hospital conglomerates now control thousands of hospitals and HMOs throughout the U.S. health care professionals and patients have become concerned about the new climate in health services and are pressing states to demand greater accountability practice emphasizes short-term methods have higher threshold of need for mental health services greater emphasis on group and psychoeducational models HMOs often "contract out" mental health services to private practitioners or groups, and authorize services for limited time periods frequent reauthorization of individual and family services limits care and requires clear short-term behavioral goals for all interventions HMOs often "contract out" mental health services to private practitioners or groups, and authorize services for limited time periods frequent reauthorization of individual and family services limits care and requires clear short-term behavior goals for all interventions

Answer 91

passed legislation to permit patients to sue HMOs and health care professionals for malpractice

Answer 92

cognitive and behavioral strategies are preferred insight-based treatments are used less frequently since they cannot easily be evaluated and require longer-term, more costly treatment

Answer 93

parenting groups common problem groups

Answer 94

role and purpose of COP becomes increasingly ambiguous larger well-funded organizations such as the Children's Defense Fund and major research institutes have taken leadership in social welfare advocacy, while institutional social work advocacy has tended to emphasize self-interested professional issues such as licensing and reimbursement for services empirical research becomes a significant source for change television, the internet, and other news sources now provide high levels of information about social problems and have, to a greater extent, played a later role in defining social agendas fewer forces that use the information to press for social change most successful advocacy programs achieved prominence because of skillful marketing, a clear simple message and focused fund-raising agendas are largely framed in the context of demands for greater efficiency, reduced government involvement in the economy, increased international competition, and a reduced commitment to redressing social imbalances future of community practice is unclear in the 21st century

Community Practice Flashcards

(118 cards)