Compendium 9 - How does it all work

Question 1

what are the 5 regions of the spinal cord and what spinal nerves can be found in each

Answer 1

cervical (C1-8), Thoracic (T1-12), Lumbar (L1-5), Sacral (S1-5), Coccygeal (Co)

Question 2

what are the names of the enlargements of the spinal cord and where do the supple

Answer 2

cervical - supplies arms
Lumbo-sacral - supplies legs

Question 3

what is the conus medullaris

Answer 3

the pointy end of the spinal cord ending at L2

Question 4

what is the cauda equina

Answer 4

roots of the spinal nerves (branching from lumbosacral enlargement)

Question 5

what are 3 functions of the meninges

Answer 5

• protects CNS and it’s blood vessels
• harbours cerebrospinal fluid
• forms partitions in the skull

Question 6

what is in the subdural and subarachnoid space

Answer 6

subdural space contains serous fluid
subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

Question 7

what structures surround each part of a nerve fibre

Answer 7

endoneurium- surrounds each axon
perineurium- surrounds a group of axons (nerve fascicle)
epineurium- surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as loose CT, arteries, veins, adipose tissue

Question 8

where do the spinal nerves originate from in relation to their vertebrae

Answer 8

C1 to C7 nerve originate above the vertebrae
C8 nerve is between C7 and T1
T1 to the end originate below the vertebrae

Question 9

what are the 3 main subsections of the brain and what do they consist of

Answer 9

• Forbrain: cerebrum and Diencephalon
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain: Pons, Medulla oblongata and cerebellum

(midbrain and hindbrain make the brainstem)

Question 10

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

Answer 10

• control homeostasis
• cardiovascular centre
• respiratory centre
• swallowing, hiccuping, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

Question 11

what is the function of the pons

Answer 11

• contains longitudinal (sc to higher brain) and transverse (cerebrum and cerebellum) conduction tracts
• sleep centre
• respiratory centre

Question 12

what is the function of the Midbrain

Answer 12

• eye movement
• reflex movement of the eyes, head and body
• reviences visual, auditory and tactile sensory input

Question 13

what is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 13

• controls locomotion (coordination and smooth movement)
• fine motor control
• posture and balance

Question 14

what is the structure of the diencephalon

Answer 14

• epithalamus
• thalamus
• subthalamus
• hypothalamus

Question 15

what are the functions of the hypothalamus(1+9)

Answer 15

• maintains homeostasis
• regulates heart rate, sex drive/ pleasure, mood, motivation, digestive activities, emotions, body temperature, swallowing, sleep wake cycle

Question 16

what are 3 structures of the cerebrum

Answer 16

Gyri - elevated tissue
Sulci - grooves between gyri
Fissures - deep grooves

Question 17

what is the role of the precentral gyrus

Answer 17

primary somatic motor cortex (mainly coordination of hands and fingers)

Question 18

what is the role of the postcentral gyrus

Answer 18

primary somatic sensory cortex (receives somatic informations and processes pain, pressure and temperature)

Question 19

what is the role of the frontal lobe

Answer 19

• voluntary motor functions
• motivation
• planning
• aggression
• sense of smell
• regulation of behaviour and mood

Question 20

what is the role of the parietal lobe

Answer 20

receives sensory input

Question 21

what is the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 21

receives and processes visual input

Question 22

what is the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 22

hearing and memory

Question 23

what is the role of the insula lobe

Answer 23

receive and process taste information

Question 24

what fibres are in the corpus callosum

Answer 24

commissural fibres

Question 25

what structures make up the limbic system

Answer 25

border of the corpus callosum and the diencephalon

Question 26

what is the role of the limbic system

Answer 26

- memory - developing neural pathways - control and expression of emotions

Question 27

what are the 2 layers of the Dura Mater and how do the interact

Answer 27

Periosteal Dura- inner surface of the brainy scull Meningeal Dura- continuous with dura mater of the spinal cord in most places they are fused, but in some parts there is a gap called the dural venous sinus.

Question 28

what is in the dural venous sinus

Answer 28

it contains veins that collect the blood that has nourished the brain and return it to the heart

Question 29

what are dural folds and what is the name of the fold between the hemispheres

Answer 29

folds of the dura mater that stop excessive movement of the brain the fold between the hemispheres is called the Falx Cerebri

Question 30

what are the ventricles in the brain

Answer 30

Lateral ventricles (1 and 2) 3rd ventricle (bird) 4th ventricle (brainstem)

Question 31

where is most Cerebrospinal fluid produced

Answer 31

produced in the ventricles by choroid plexus (a group of blood vessels and specialised ependymal cells)

Question 32

what is the composition of CSF

Answer 32

it is similar to blood plasma, but has less proteins and different ion concentrations

Question 33

how many cranial nerves are there and what types of functions can they have

Answer 33

- 12 pairs (named with roman numerals) - can have sensory, motor and parasympathetic function

Question 34

what are the divisions of the nervous system

Answer 34

CNS + PNS | Sensory + Motor | somatic + autonomic | sympathetic + parasympathetic

Question 35

where are neuron bodies for the autonomic nervous system found and ganglia (postganglionic neuron)

Answer 35

lateral horn of grey matter in spinal cord

Question 36

where do parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions originate in the spinal cord

Answer 36

sympathetic = T1 to L2 parasympathetic = S2 to S4 + cranial nerves

Question 37

what influence does the Spinal Cord and Brain stem have on Autonomic function

Answer 37

Spinal cord = defecation, urination, ejaculation, erection Brain stem= pupil size, tear production, salivation, coughing, swallowing, digestive activities, heart rate, respiration

Question 38

What influence does the Hypothalamus and Cerebrum + limbic system have on Autonomic function

Answer 38

Hypothalamus = ANS integration centre, body temp Cerebrum + limbic system = thoughts and feelings that influence ANS functions (via hypothalamus)