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-125
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55 Significance of Protein binding.
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5.4.4: Some examples of
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4
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drug-prniein
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5
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binding.
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binding.
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5.4.3 Relationship
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between protein concentration and Drug concentration in drug-protein
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9
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5.4.2
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Factors
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affecting Protein binding.
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5.4.1 Biological relevance of drug binding.
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5.4 Protein Binding:
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14
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5.3.4 Solubility
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15
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method
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5.3.3 Distribution Method:
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17
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5.3.2 pH Titration method:
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5.3.1 Method of continuous variation
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5.3 Methods of
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Analysis:
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5.2.3 Inclusion/occlusion compounds:
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22
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5.2-2 Organic molecular complexes:
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23
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5.2.1 Metal
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ion complexes
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5.2 Classification of complexes:
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5.1.2 Polydentate Ligands
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5.1.1 Monodentate Ligands:
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5.1 Ligands
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5.0 Introduction
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STRUCTURE
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(5) Protein binding
complexation and drug action
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(4) Methods of analysis of complexes
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(3) Applications of complexes
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(2) Different classes of complexes
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(1) Important points related to coordination complexes
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Objectives : On completion of this chapter you will come to know about the following aspects:
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5
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PROTEIN BINDING
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COMPLEXATION AND
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CTION
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variety of media which provide
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exvgen
hydrogen and
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Airement and
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What is a water molecule in relation to ligands?
A water molecule is a common ligand that has two lone pairs of electrons available for donation.
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What is a ligand?
A ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a metal atom to form a complex.
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What are coordination compounds?
Coordination compounds contain coordination complexes, which are distinct chemical species.
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What is a complex ion?
If the coordination complex carries a net charge, it is called a complex ion.
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What is a coordinate covalent bond?
A coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which one atom (the donor) supplies both electrons.
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What is the role of ligands in coordination complexes?
Ligands are Lewis bases that contain at least one pair of electrons to donate to the metal atom/ion.
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What are metal atoms/ions in terms of Lewis acids?
Metal atoms/ions are Lewis acids; they can accept a pair of electrons.
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What are complexes also called?
Complexes are also called coordination compounds.
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What is the bonding mechanism in coordination complexes?
Coordination complexes result from donor-acceptor interactions, typically through coordinate covalent bonds.
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Define pH and pOH
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, while pOH measures the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
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What is Sorensen's scale of pH?
Sorensen's scale is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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What is the pH of a solution whose [H+] = 1x10^-7 M?
pH = 7
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What is the pH of the solution whose [H+] = 2.5x10^-5 M?
pH = 5.6
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Calculate the pH of a solution that has a [OH-] = 1x10^-7 M
pH = 7
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Why is pH considered one of the important physico-chemical parameters in pharmacy?
pH affects drug solubility, stability, and absorption.
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Give the pH range of different body fluids.
pH ranges include:
* Blood: 7.35 - 7.45
* Gastric juice: 1.5 - 3.5
* Saliva: 6.2 - 7.6
* Urine: 4.5 - 8.0
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What is the pKa of acetic acid if Ka for acetic acid is 1.78 x 10^-5?
pKa = 4.75
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What is the significance of pH in pharmacy?
pH influences drug formulation, stability, and biological activity.
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What are the methods of pH determination?
Methods include:
* Electrometric method
* Calorimetric method
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What is a buffer?
A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
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What is an acidic buffer? Give its examples.
An acidic buffer is a buffer solution that maintains a pH less than 7. Examples include acetic acid and sodium acetate.
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What is a basic buffer? Give its examples.
A basic buffer is a buffer solution that maintains a pH greater than 7. Examples include ammonia and ammonium chloride.
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What is the pOH of a solution that has a hydroxide ion concentration of 4.82 x 10^-6 M?
pOH = 5.32
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What do you understand by buffer capacity?
Buffer capacity is the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH upon the addition of acids or bases.
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What are buffered isotonic solutions?
Buffered isotonic solutions are solutions that maintain osmotic pressure and pH suitable for biological applications.
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What is the Hemolytic method for the measurement of tonicity?
The Hemolytic method measures tonicity by observing the lysis of red blood cells in a solution.
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What is the Cryoscopic method for the measurement of tonicity?
The Cryoscopic method measures tonicity based on the freezing point depression of a solution.
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What is the sodium chloride equivalent method for adjusting isotonicity?
The sodium chloride equivalent method calculates the amount of sodium chloride required to achieve isotonicity with body fluids.
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What is the E-value of a drug in terms of adjustment of tonicity?
The E-value is the amount of sodium chloride equivalent to one gram of the drug.
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Prepare an isotonic solution containing Atropine sulfate.
Required sodium chloride = 0.705g
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What is the White-Vincent method of making isotonic solutions?
The White-Vincent method involves calculating the amounts of solutes to achieve isotonicity, using the E-values of the components.
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What is Spurl's method of adjusting tonicity?
Spurl's method adjusts tonicity using specific calculations based on the properties of the solute.
Unit-4 Pharmaceutics
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