Compounding III

Question 1

The recipe that is followed to compound a preparation?

Answer 1

Master Formula Record

Question 2

The log book (or record) of all products made at the pharmacy

Answer 2

Compounding Log

Question 3

Determines safety procedures for the staff who will compound the preparation, including the recommended personal protective equipment (PPE).

Also provides instructions to manage exposure, such as steps to take if the compound is inhaled.

Answer 3

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

Question 4

Non-Sterile HDs should preferably compounded in a…

Answer 4

Containment Primary Engineering Control (C-PEC)

Question 5

The final formulation of a Non-Sterile HD should be placed into…

Answer 5

• Unit-dose sealed packaging
• Placed into a plastic bag with a hazardouslabel

Question 6

Minimally, PPE should include…when preparing Non-Sterile Non-HD preparations

Answer 6

A clean lab coat & gloves

Question 7

Means to reduce particle size by grinding, crushing milling, vibrating or other processes (manual or mechanical).

Answer 7

Comminution

Question 8

Sifters used to ensure that the particle size is uniform.

Answer 8

Sieves

Question 9

Based on the number of holes per inch. (Ex: 100 openings/inch)

Answer 9

Sieve # (Ex: #100 sieve)

Question 10

Method of Comminution. General term used to mean “mix thoroughly.”

Pharmacists most commonly associate this with grinding tablets with a mortar and pestle until a fine powder is achieved, but the term can describe liquids.

Answer 10

Trituration

Question 11

Method of Comminution. Involves triturating the powder with a mortar and pestle and incorporating a small amount of liquid.

Answer 11

Levigation and Spatulation

Question 12

Method of Comminution. Used for crystalline powders that will not crush easily.

Crystals are dissolved with an intervening solvent and mixed until the solvent evaporates.

Answer 12

Pulverization by Intervention

Question 13

Method of mixing ingredients to ensure that ingredients are evenly distributed in a diluent or delivery vehicle.

Answer 13

Geometric Dilution

Question 14

How to use Geometric Dilution?

Answer 14

Equal amount of ointment base is added to drug powder. This doubles the process. Repeat.

Question 15

A solute dissolved in a solvent. Homogenous. Can lead to unwanted precipitation if solute concentration is too high.

Answer 15

Solution

Question 16

Oral solutions with sucrose, or other sugars or artificial sugars.

Answer 16

Syrups

Question 17

Sweet hydroalcoholic (mixture of alcohol and water) solutions used for drugs that would be insoluble in a purely aqueous formulation.

Answer 17

Elixirs

Question 18

Plant or animal extracts dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcohol. Still a solution.

Answer 18

Tinctures

Question 19

Alcohols or hydroalcohols of volatiles, aromatic compounds such as camphor. Still a solution.

Answer 19

Spirits

Question 20

A solid dispersed in a liquid. It is a two-phase heterogenous (not uniform) mixture. Particles can be dispersed easily by shaking.

Answer 20

Suspension

Question 21

Liquid dispersed in a liquid. It is a two-phase heterogenous (not uniform) mixture.

Answer 21

Emulsion

Question 22

Occurs when the dispersed phase settles (clumps) together. The process of a solid settling on the bottom of a container.

Can happen with suspensions and emulsions. Occurs less commonly with solutions. Shake or gently rolled to re-disperse.

Answer 22

Precipitation / Sedimentation

Question 23

Used to calculate the dissolution rate (time it will take to dissolve) of a solution.

Answer 23

Fick’s First Law of Diffusion

Question 24

What factors increase the dissolution rate?

Answer 24

• Larger surface area
• Stirring the preparation
• Using heat

Question 25

* Levigate the gum with oil * Add the water all at once * Triturate until cracking sound is heard and mixture is creamy white * Homogenize

Answer 25

Continental (Drug Gum) Method

Question 26

* Triturate with water and form a mucilate (thick and sticky) * Add oil slowly * Add other ingredients

Answer 26

England (Wet Gum) Method

Question 27

Improves the flowability of a powder. Ex: Magnesium Stearate

Answer 27

Glidant / Lubricant

Question 28

A combination of the ingredients (when mixed together) will melt at a lower temperature than either of the individual component's melting temperature

Answer 28

Eutectic Mixtures

Question 29

What is a benefit of using Eutectic Mixtures?

Answer 29

The lower melting point allow it to penetrate the skin more easily than the individual components

Question 30

What are some negatives of using Eutectic Mixtures?

Answer 30

* Can burn on a hot plate if the compounder is not aware of mixture * Can melt and turn mixture into a sticky mess (if the components are solid powders @ room temperature)

Question 31

Semi-solid formulation intended for topical use. Contains more than 20% water and up to 50% oil.

Answer 31

Creams

Question 32

Easy to spread on the skin and absorb quickly. Contain a lot of water, so can be delivered in pumps. Contain the most water (compared to other topicals).

Answer 32

Lotions

Question 33

A good delivery vehicle to provide a barrier to exposure. Prevent moisture loss which helps burn and scar healing. Packaged in tubes or tubs. Contain the least water (0 - 20%).

Answer 33

Ointments

Question 34

Always uses the lowest temperature possible. Ingredient with the highest melting point is melted first. Other ingredients are added according to their decreasing melting points. A water bath is used to heat the ointment.

Answer 34

Fusion Method

Question 35

Good lubricants for water-soluble bases

Answer 35

* Mineral Oil * Vegetable Oil

Question 36

Good lubricants for suppositories made with oil-soluble bases

Answer 36

* Glycerin * Propylene Glycol

Question 37

PLO in Cold Temperature

Answer 37

Liquifies

Question 38

PLO in Room Temperature

Answer 38

Solidifies

Question 39

Used to calculate the amount of base displaced

Answer 39

Density Factor

Question 40

Density Factor

Answer 40

B / (A-C+B) A = Wt. of suppository blank B = Wt. of medication per suppository C = Wt. of medicated suppository

Question 41

Semisolids interpenetrated by a liquid.

Answer 41

Gels

Question 42

Similar to ointments but are made thicker by adding more solid ingredients. Provides a protective barrier because they do not melt significantly at body temperature.

Answer 42

Pastes

Question 43

Suppository molding type where the pharmacist will need to know the weight of each mold & the drug's Density Factor.

Answer 43

Compression Molding

Question 44

Suppository molding type where the base is gently heated, ingredients are added, then the mixture is poured into room temperature molds.

Answer 44

Fusion Molding

Question 45

Suppository molding type when only a few suppositories are to be prepared. Cocoa butter is not melted - it is grated and then mixed in a mortar and pestle or a pill tile with a spatula.

Answer 45

Hand Molding