What are the benefits of Dedicated hosts?
Dedicated Hosts reserve capacity because you are paying for the whole physical server that cannot be allocated to anyone else
How are Dedicated Instances made available?
As on-demand, reserved and spot instances.
What changes can you make to Standard Reserved Instances?
Standard RIs allow you to change Availability Zone, instance size (for Linux OS) and networking type using ModifyReservedInstances API and console.
Can you move Zonal Reserved Instances?
Zonal RIs can be modified for use in a specific AZ using the console of ModifyReserveInstances API
What is a unique advantage to Zonal Reserved Instances?
You can exceed your running On-Demand Instance limit by purchasing zonal Reserved Instances
How do you create an encrypted root volume?
- Stop the instances
- create AMIs from the instances.
- Copy the AMIs to the same region and select the “Encrypt target EBS snapshots”.
- Redeploy the instances using the AMI copies you made with encrypted root volumes.
You can use either a generated key from KMS or your own CMK imported into KMS.
How do you recover a lost private key?
- Use AWS Systems Manager Automation with the AWSSupport-ResetAccess document to create a new SSH key for your current instance.
- Stop the instances, detach its root volume and attach it as a data volume to another instances. Modify the authorized_keys file, move the volume back to the original instance and restart the instances.
What do you need to do after updating a method in API GW?
Redeploy the API
What are the 3 placement strategies for Placement Groups?
Cluster – packs instances close together inside an Availability Zone. This strategy enables workloads to achieve the low-latency network performance necessary for tightly-coupled node-to-node communication that is typical of HPC applications.
Partition – spreads your instances across logical partitions such that groups of instances in one partition do not share the underlying hardware with groups of instances in different partitions. This strategy is typically used by large distributed and replicated workloads, such as Hadoop, Cassandra, and Kafka.
Spread – strictly places a small group of instances across distinct underlying hardware to reduce correlated failures.
What is the recommended action when receiving a capacity error when launching an instance into a placement group that already has running instances?
If you receive a capacity error when launching an instance in a placement group that already has running instances, stop and start all of the instances in the placement group, and try the launch again. Starting the instances may migrate them to hardware that has capacity for all of the requested instances.
What are the EC2 general purpose instance types?
- Mac - nitro enabled
- T4g - graviton instance
- T3/a - burstable
- T2 - burstable
- M6g - graviton / enhanced networking, ebs-optimized, nitro (Applications built on open-source software such as application servers, microservices, gaming servers, mid-size data stores, and caching fleets.)
- M6i - intel Xeon (These instances are SAP-Certified and are ideal for workloads such as backend servers supporting enterprise applications (e.g. Microsoft Exchange and SharePoint, SAP Business Suite, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL databases), gaming servers, caching fleets, as well as for application development environments.)
- M5* - intel Xeon (Small and mid-size databases, data processing tasks that require additional memory, caching fleets, and for running backend servers for SAP, Microsoft SharePoint, cluster computing, and other enterprise applications)
- M5a - AMD Epyc 7000 CPUs (Small and mid-size databases, data processing tasks that require additional memory, caching fleets, and for running backend servers for SAP, Microsoft SharePoint, cluster computing, and other enterprise applications)
- M4 - Xeon (Small and mid-size databases, data processing tasks that require additional memory, caching fleets, and for running backend servers for SAP, Microsoft SharePoint, cluster computing, and other enterprise applications.)
- A1 - ARM (Scale-out workloads such as web servers, containerized microservices, caching fleets, and distributed data stores, as well as development environments)
What are the EC2 compute optimized instance types?
batch processing workloads, media transcoding, high performance web servers, high performance computing (HPC), scientific modeling, dedicated gaming servers and ad server engines, machine learning inference and other compute intensive applications.
- C6
- C6gn
- C6i
- C5
- C5a
- C5n
- C4
What are the EC2 memory optimized instance types?
Memory-intensive applications such as open-source databases, in-memory caches, and real time big data analytics
- R6g
- R5
- R5a
- R5b
- R5n
- R4
- X2gd
- X1e
- X1
- High Memory - purpose-built large enterprises good for SAP
- z1d - high compute and memory - Ideal for electronic design automation (EDA) and certain relational database workloads with high per-core licensing costs.
What are the EC2 storage optimized instance types?
Storage optimized instances are designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to very large data sets on local storage. They are optimized to deliver tens of thousands of low-latency, random I/O operations per second (IOPS) to applications.
i.e. NoSQL databases (e.g. Cassandra, MongoDB, Redis), in-memory databases (e.g. Aerospike), scale-out transactional databases, data warehousing, Elasticsearch, analytics workloads.
- I3 - NVMe SSD-backed
- I3en
- D2 - 48 TB HDD - Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) data warehousing, MapReduce and Hadoop distributed computing, distributed file systems, network file systems, log or data-processing applications.
- D3
- D3en
- H1
What are the volume options for instances?
General Purpose (SSD) is the new, SSD-backed, general purpose EBS volume type that we recommend as the default choice for customers. General Purpose (SSD) volumes are suitable for a broad range of workloads, including small to medium sized databases, development and test environments, and boot volumes.
Provisioned IOPS (SSD) volumes offer storage with consistent and low-latency performance, and are designed for I/O intensive applications such as large relational or NoSQL databases.
Magnetic volumes provide the lowest cost per gigabyte of all EBS volume types. Magnetic volumes are ideal for workloads where data is accessed infrequently, and applications where the lowest storage cost is important.
Many Amazon EC2 instances can also include storage from disks that are physically attached to the host computer. This disk storage is referred to as instance store. Instance store provides temporary block-level storage for Amazon EC2 instances. The data on an instance store volume persists only during the life of the associated Amazon EC2 instance.
What are the EC2 Accelerated Computing instance types?
Accelerated computing instances use hardware accelerators, or co-processors, to perform functions, such as floating point number calculations, graphics processing, or data pattern matching, more efficiently than is possible in software running on CPUs.
- P4 - up to 8 NVIDIA® V100 Tensor Core GPUs, 400 Gbps
- P3 - up to 8 NVIDIA® V100 Tensor Core GPUs
- P2
- DL1 - Gaudi accelerators from Habana Labs (an Intel company).
- Inf1 - Up to 16 AWS Inferentia Chips, AWS Neuron SDK (Recommendation engines, forecasting, image and video analysis, advanced text analytics, document analysis, voice, conversational agents, translation, transcription, and fraud detection.)
- G4dn
- G3
- F1 - customizable hardware acceleration with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). (Genomics research, financial analytics, real-time video processing, big data search and analysis, and security.)
- VT1 - 4K - 8 Xilinx U30 media accelerator cards (Live event broadcast, video conferencing, and just-in-time transcoding.)
What are the benefits of EBS-optimized instances?
- EBS-optimized instances enable EC2 instances to fully use the IOPS provisioned on an EBS volume.
- Dedicated throughput 500-4000 Mbps for EBS
- When attached to EBS-optimized instances, Provisioned IOPS volumes can achieve single digit millisecond latencies
- additional low, hourly fee
- M6g, M5, M4, C6g, C5, C4, R6g, P3, P2, G3, D2 are enabled by default at no cost
What is single root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV)?
It is used by enhanced networking on supported instances to achieve higher network throughput, lower CPU utilization, and lower network latency which translates into supporting more VMs per host, more network utilization and greater performance predictability to the instances.
What services does AWS Backup work with?
EBS volumes, RDS DBs except Aurora, DynamoDB, EFS, and Storage Gateway volumes.
