Self-concept
internal list of answers to the question “Who am I?”
Self-schema
self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities
Identity
individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
Types of Identity
- Gender identity
- Ethnic identity
- Social class
- Sexual identity
Hierarchy of Salience
what our identities are organized according to
Self-discrepancy theory
each of us has 3 selves
1. Actual self 2. Ideal self 3. Ought self
Self-esteem
closer these 3 selves in self-discrepancy theory, higher our self-esteem
Self-efficacy
our belief in our ability to succeed
Locus of control
way we characterize influences in our lives
Development of self-concept
- Existential self: sense of being separate and distinct from others
- Categorical self: even though we’re separate/distinct objects/beings, we also exist in the world with others
Carl Rogers’ Self-Concept
- Self-image: what we believe we are
- Self-esteem/self-worth
- Ideal-self
social identity theory
- Personal identity
2. Social identity
4 sources to determine if person has strong/weak sense of self-efficacy
- Mastery of experience
- Social modelling
- Social persuasion
- Psychological response
Theories of Identity Development
- Psychosexual theory of development
- Psychosocial development theory
- Sociocultural Cognitive development theory
- Moral development theory
- Gender
Gender identity development
- As toddlers and preschoolers, learn about defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender 2. Age 5-7 gender identity becomes rigid, (consolidation)
- after this “peak of rigidity,” fluidity returns and socially defined gender roles relax.
Gender schemata theory
Gender-associated information is predominantly transmitted through society by way of schemata.
- Sex-typed
- Cross sex-typed
- Androgynous
- Undifferentiated
Psychosexual theory of development
Freud.
Libido drives development, fixation may occur
1. Oral stage (0-1 yr)
2. Anal stage (1-3 yr)
3. Phallic stage (3-5 year): oepidal and electra conflict
4. Latency (5-puberty)
5. Genital stage (puberty - adulthood)
Psychosocial Development
Eric Erikson.
1. Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
5. Identity vs. Role confusion (12-20 years)
(5.1) Physiological revolution occurs. Fidelity is the positive outcome.
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 years)
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (40-65years)
Integrity vs. Despair (>65 years)
Moral development theory
- Preconventional morality
(1. 1) Obedience: avoiding punishment
(1. 2) Self-interest: gaining rewards (instrumental relativist stage) - Conventional morality: individuals begin to see themselves in terms of relationships to others
(2. 1) Conformity: seek approval of others
(2. 2) Law and order: maintains social order in highest regard - Postconventional morality: level of reasoning that not everyone is capable of
(3. 1) Social contract: conventions designed to ensure the greater good
(3. 2) Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
Sociocultural Development
Vygosky.
- Babies have 4 elementary mental functions: attention, sensation, perception, and memory
- Need more knowledgeable other for zone of proximal development (not fully developed skills)
- Language is important
Looking-glass self
Cooley. person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions & perception of others. 3 steps: 1. How do I appear to others? 2. What must others think of me? 3. Revise how we think of ourselves
Imitation
A type of individual social influence, one of most basic forms of social behavior. Begins with understanding there’s difference between others and our self.
Role-taking
Practice for later in life, understand others’ point of view
Reference groups
The group to which people refer in evaluating themselves
