What is a sport-related concussion?
A traumatic brain injury caused by a direct blow to the head, neck, or body that transmits impulsive forces to the brain, leading to metabolic changes, potential axonal injury, blood flow alterations, and inflammation. No abnormalities appear on standard imaging.
What is the difference between signs and symptoms of concussion?
Signs= what others can observe
Symptoms=what the athlete feels
What are the physical symptoms of concussion?
Headache, dizziness, nausea, balance issues, light/noise sensitivity, fatigue
What are the cognitive symptoms of concussion?
Feeling “foggy,” slowed processing, memory problems, trouble concentrating.
What are emotional symptoms of concussion?
Irritability, sadness, nervousness
What are key observable signs of concussion?
Confusion, appearing dazed, slow to get up, poor balance, blank or vacant look, behaviour change
What red flags require immediate ambulance activation?
Worsening headache
Neck pain/tenderness
Loss of consciousness
Weakness/tingling in limbs
Repeated vomiting
Seizure
How effective are mouthguards for concussion prevention?
28% lower concussion and head injury risk for wearers
How effective is neuromuscular training warm-up for concussions?
35% reduction in concussions
Rugby study: 59% reduction in concussion incidence when done ≥3 times/week
