Conduct Problems

Question 1

What are conduct problems and antisocial behaviors?

Answer 1

Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes of a child that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others.

Question 2

What kind of behavior keeps its relative standing over time?

Answer 2

Aggressive behaviors. It has a correlation of about .70 (about as much as IQ scores).

Question 3

How prevalent are early, persistent, and extreme patterns of antisocial behaviors in children?

Answer 3

About 5%.

Question 4

Children who commit extreme patterns of antisocial behaviors account to what percent of all crime in the U.S.

Answer 4

50%.

Question 5

What are the four perspectives of conduct problems?

Answer 5

1. Legal. 2. Psychological. 3. Psychiatric. 4. Public Health.

Question 6

How are conduct problems defined using the legal perspective?

Answer 6

As delinquent or criminal acts.

Question 7

From a Psychological perspective, what dimension is used to describe conduct problems?

Answer 7

The continuous dimension of externalizing behavior.

Question 8

What are the two independent dimensions of antisocial behavior?

Answer 8

1. Overt-Covert Dimension. 2. Destructive-Nondestructive Dimension.

Question 9

Children who display overt antisocial behavior tend to behave in what ways and experience what situation? (4)

Answer 9

1. Negative. 2. Irritable. 3. Resentful in their reactions to hostile situations. 4. Experience higher levels of family conflict.

Question 10

Children who display covert antisocial behavior tend to behave in what ways and experience what situation? (4)

Answer 10

1. Less social. 2. More anxious. 3. More suspicious of others. 4. Come from homes that provide little family support.

Question 11

Children who show both covert and overt antisocial behaviors have what traits? (3)

Answer 11

1. Frequent conflict with authorities. 2. Show the most severe family dysfunction. 3. Have the poorest long-term outcomes.

Question 12

Children who displaying over-destructive behaviors are at high risk for what?

Answer 12

Later psychiatric problems and impairment in functioning.

Question 13

What are ODD and CD referred to together, according to the psychiatric perspective?

Answer 13

Conduct Problems or Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Question 14

What other disorders are in the DSM like ODD and CD? (3)

Answer 14

1. Intermittent explosive disorder. 2. Kleptomania. 3. Pyromania.

Question 15

What is the goal of the public health perspective?

Answer 15

To reduce the number of injuries and deaths, personal suffering, and economic costs associated with youth violence, in the same way other health concerns such as car accidents or tobacco use are addressed.

Question 16

When does ODD usually appear?

Answer 16

By age 8.

Question 17

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

Answer 17

An age-inappropriate recurrent patterns of stubborn, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviors.

Question 18

[ODD] What are the three DSM symptom clusters?

Answer 18

1. Angry/Irritable. 2. Argumentative/Defiant Behavior. 3. Vindictiveness.

Question 19

What are the DSM specifiers used for for ODD?

Answer 19

Severity ratings depending on whether symptoms are present in 1, 2, or 3 or more settings.

Question 20

What is Conduct Disorder?

Answer 20

A repetitive and persistent pattern of severely aggressive and antisocial acts that involve inflicting pain on others through physical and verbal aggression, stealing, or vandalism.

Question 21

What are the 4 symptom dimensions of Conduct Disorder?

Answer 21

1. Aggression to People and Animals. 2. Destruction of Property. 3. Deceitfulness or Theft. 4. Serious Violations of Rules.

Question 22

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Aggression to People and Animals? (2)

Answer 22

1. Bullying. 2. Physical cruelty.

Question 23

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, destruction of property? (2)

Answer 23

1. Fire setting. 2. Vandalism.

Question 24

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Deceitfulness or theft? (2)

Answer 24

1. Conning. 2. Shoplifting.

Question 25

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Serious violations of rules? (2)

Answer 25

1. Truancy. 2. Running away from home.

Question 26

What kind of punishments do families often used on children with CD?

Answer 26

Harsh punishments.

Question 27

Describe Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

Answer 27

They display at least one symptom of the disorder before age 10.

Question 28

Describe Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.

Answer 28

They do not display at least one symptom of the disorder before age 10.

Question 29

Which onset accounts for a disproportionate amount of illegal activity, and persist in their antisocial behavior over time?

Answer 29

Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

Question 30

Which onset displays more aggressive symptoms?

Answer 30

Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

Question 31

Which onset is more likely to be diagnosed similarly in both boys and girls?

Answer 31

Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.

Question 32

Does ODD predict CD?

Answer 32

No.

Question 33

What percent of children with CD go on to develop APD?

Answer 33

About 40%.

Question 34

Children with CD who display psychopathic features have what type of interpersonal style?

Answer 34

Callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style.

Question 35

What DSM specifier is used to indicate CU traits in the diagnosis of CD?

Answer 35

With Limited Prosocial Emotions.

Question 36

[CD] How does one get the specifier, "With Limited Prosocial Emotions"?

Answer 36

By having 2 of 3 traits: 1. Lack of remorse or guilt. 2. Callous-lack of empathy. 3. Unconcerned about performance.

Question 37

What part of IQ is associated with CD?

Answer 37

Verbal IQ.

Question 38

What two factors increase the likelihood by four times that a child will display aggressive behaviors?

Answer 38

1. Verbal Deficits. 2. Family adversity.

Question 39

What is the strongest and most consistent correlates of conduct disorder?

Answer 39

Family problems.

Question 40

What two types of family disturbances are related to conduct problems in children?

Answer 40

1. General family disturbances. 2. Specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning.

Question 41

What percent of children with CD also have depression or anxiety?

Answer 41

Around 50%.

Question 42

Which disorder is more prevalent in childhood?

Answer 42

ODD.

Question 43

Which disorder is more prevalent by adolescence?

Answer 43

Neither, they are the same.

Question 44

What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for ODD?

Answer 44

12%.

Question 45

What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for CD?

Answer 45

8%.

Question 46

What does the life-course-persistent (LCP) path describe?

Answer 46

Children who engage in aggression and antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to do so into adulthood.

Question 47

What does the adolescent-limited (AL) path describe?

Answer 47

Youths whose antisocial behavior begins around puberty and continues into adolescence, but who later cease these behaviors during young adulthood.

Question 48

What percent of the variance in antisocial behavior is attributed to heredity?

Answer 48

About 50%.

Question 49

Is the genetic influence stronger in youths displaying the AL path or the LCP path?

Answer 49

The LCP Path.

Question 50

How does activation of the MAOA enzyme helps us?

Answer 50

Inhibit rage and reacting aggressively when threatened or provoked.

Question 51

Referring to behavioral systems, what do children with conduct problems exhibit?

Answer 51

Overactive BAS and an under-active BIS.

Question 52

What does the behavioral activation system (BAS) do?

Answer 52

Stimulates behavior in response to signals of reward or non-punishment.

Question 53

What does the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) do?

Answer 53

Produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of non-reward or punishment.

Question 54

Children with CD show reduced activation in what part of the brain?

Answer 54

The amygdala.

Question 55

What brain parts are implicated in children with conduct problems? (5)

Answer 55

1. Amygdala. 2. Prefrontal cortex. 3. Posterior and anterior cingulate. 4. Insula. 5. Inter-connected regions.

Question 56

Children with CD show what kind of psychophysiological responses and cortical arousal?

Answer 56

They show low activity of both.

Question 57

Children with CD show what kind of reactivity in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 57

Low activation.

Question 58

What is implicated in the individual differences in antisocial behavior? (4)

Answer 58

1. HPA Axis. 2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). 3. Sertonergic functioning. 4. Structural and functional deficits in the PFC.

Question 59

What neural circuits have been implicated in the underlying cognitive, social, and emotional differences across different types of conduct problems?

Answer 59

1. Sub-cortical neural systems. 2. Prefrontal cortex decision making circuits and sociomotional information-processing circuits. 3. Frontoparietal regions.

Question 60

What does the subcortical neural system do?

Answer 60

Leads to aggressive behavior.

Question 61

What do the Prefrontal cortex decision making circuits and sociomotional information-processing circuits do?

Answer 61

Assess social cues and evaluate consequences of aggressing or not aggressing.

Question 62

What do the Frontoparietal regions do?

Answer 62

Regulates emotions and impulsive motivational urges.

Question 63

What do Social-cognitive abilities refer to?

Answer 63

The skills involved in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues.

Question 64

Children with conduct problems have what kind of relationship with social-cognitive abilities?

Answer 64

They have deficits in social-cognitive abilities.

Question 65

What type of parenting may reduce the influence of the child's genotype on later antisocial behavior?

Answer 65

Positive parenting.

Question 66

What is Coercion Theory?

Answer 66

Parent-child interactions provide a training ground for the development of antisocial behavior.

Question 67

What is the amplifier hypothesis?

Answer 67

Hypothesis that states that stress amplifies the maladaptive predisposition of parents, thereby disrupting family management practices and compromising parents' ability to be supportive of their children.

Question 68

What age has PMT been shown to be the most effective for?

Answer 68

Parents of children younger than 12 years of age.

Question 69

What percent of average children whose parents participated in PMT had better adjustments?

Answer 69

80%.

Question 70

Has PMT demonstrated much long-term effectiveness?

Answer 70

No, only short-term effectiveness has been shown.

Question 71

What is the Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?

Answer 71

An intensive empirically supported family and community-based treatment for adolescents with severe conduct problems that make out-of-home placement highly likely.