and
She tried and succeeded.
→ (adds information)
e
Ela tentou e conseguiu.
→ Indicative – simple coordination, no mood change.
But
I don’t think I’ll win, but I’ll try.
Mas
Acho que não vou ganhar, mas vou tentar.
→ Indicative – contrasts ideas, keeps factual tone.
since / because
Since everyone agrees, let’s move forward.
→ (reason / justification)
Visto que
Visto que todos concordam, vamos seguir em frente.
→ Indicative – factual cause.
provided that
You can stay provided that you keep quiet.
Contanto que
Contanto que você fique em silêncio.
→ Subjunctive – expresses a requirement or condition.
although
Although he’s tired, he keeps working.
Embora
Embora ele esteja cansado, continua trabalhando.
→ Subjunctive – concession or contrast.
before
We reviewed the plan before we left.
Antes de or antes que
Revisamos o plano antes de sair.
→ Infinitive after de when same subject; if subjects differ → “antes que + subjunctive.”
As soon as
As soon as you arrive, call me.
Assim que
Assim que você chegar, me ligue.
→ Future subjunctive – action expected in the future.
so that
She left early so that she could catch the bus.
Para que
Ela saiu cedo para que pudesse pegar o ônibus.
→ Subjunctive – expresses purpose or goal.
so … that
He spoke so quietly that no one could hear.
tão … que
Ele falou tão baixo que ninguém conseguiu ouvi-lo.
→ Indicative – factual result, not hypothetical.
as if
She acted as if she knew everything.
Como se
Ela agiu como se soubesse tudo.
→ Imperfect subjunctive – unreal comparison.
as / the more … the more …
As we get older, we become wiser.
À medida que
À medida que envelhecemos, ficamos mais sábios.
→ Indicative – describes a real, proportional relationship.
If
If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.
Se
Se você estudar bastante, vai passar na prova.
→ Future subjunctive – condition in the future.
Even if
Even if it rains, we’ll go.
Mesmo que chova, nós iremos.
→ Present subjunctive – hypothetical concession.
because
He didn’t come because he was sick.
Porque
Ele não veio porque estava doente.
→ Indicative – expresses real cause.
whereas / while
She chose engineering, whereas her sister studied literature.
Enquanto
Ela escolheu engenharia, enquanto a irmã estudou letras.
→ Indicative – contrasts two facts.
Unless
I won’t go unless they invite me.
A menos que
Não vou, a menos que me convidem.
→ Present subjunctive – negative condition.
until
He waited until she came back.
até que
Ele esperou até que ela voltasse.
→ Imperfect subjunctive – action not yet completed at the time.
in order that / so that
We’re working hard so that the plan succeeds.
Para que
Trabalhamos duro para que o plano dê certo.
→ Present subjunctive – expresses desired result.
so much that
He insisted so much that I finally agreed.
Tanto que
Ele insistiu tanto que acabei cedendo.
→ Indicative – factual consequence.
being that / since (that)
They accepted the proposal, being that the terms had improved.
Sendo que
Eles aceitaram a proposta, sendo que os termos haviam sido melhorados.
→ Indicative – adds explanation or clarification.
however (formal)
He tried hard; however, it wasn’t enough.
Ele se esforçou bastante; porém, não foi suficiente.
→ Indicative – formal adversative; interchangeable with “contudo”, “todavia”, “entretanto”.
nevertheless
The plan was risky; nevertheless, they accepted it.
Contudo
O plano era arriscado; contudo, eles aceitaram.
→ Indicative – very formal contrast connector.
but rather
It’s not a luxury, but rather a necessity.
Mas sim
Isso não é um luxo, mas sim uma necessidade.
→ Indicative – used after a negative to express correction or replacement.
as / since
As it was late, we decided to leave.
Como
Como já era tarde, decidimos ir embora.
→ Indicative – “como” at the start of a sentence means “since/because”.
