1
Q
Connective tissue
A
Major supporting tissue of the body binding organs together. Constitutes about 30% of the body.
2
Q
What is the the origin of connective tissue?
A
It is mesodermal in origin.
3
Q
Functions of connective tissue
A
a. binding cells and tissue.
b. storing fat and fat derivatives.
c. supporting framework of the body
d. protection against antigens.
e. transportation of materials around body
f. replace dead and damaged tissue
g. insulate the body
4
Q
Structure of connective tissue
A
- cells - plasma cell, fibrocytes, macrophages and mast cells.
- fibers- white collagen, yellow elastic and reticular
- matrix- non-living, transparent, semi-solid
5
Q
Cells of connective tissue
A
- fibrocytes (fiber production), oval-shaped nucleus, spindle shaped
- macrophages- ingestion of foreign particle; large , irregular/amoeboid shaped, kidney shaped nucleus
- mast cell- production of heparin, histamine; large ovoid cell
- plasma cell- production of antibodies; small, round cells, division of lymphocytes, cart-wheel cell
- Adipocytes
- Mesenchyme
- Chromatophore
6
Q
Fibers
A
- white collagen fiber- collagen protein, unbranched, bundles, inelastic, flexible
- Yellow Elastic Fibers- Elastin protein, branched, long, flexible, elastic.
- Reticulate fibers- reticulin protein, thin branched, interconnected to form network
7
Q
Types of fluid tissue
A
- blood
2.lymph
7
Q
Types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
A
- connective tissue proper
- skeletal tissue
- vascular/fluid tissue
8
Q
Types of connective tissue proper
A
- loose connective tissue
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular - dense connective tissue
a. tendon
b. ligament
9
Q
Types of skeletal tissue
A
- cartilage
a. hyaline
b. Fibrous
c. calcified
d. elastic - bone
a. compact
b. spongy
10
Q
Areolar tissue
A
soft matrix, jelly like substance with white, yellow fibers, fibrocytes, mast cells, macrophages.
11
Q
Function of areolar tissue
A
- control bp in vessels
- combating foreign toxin
- attachment of blood vessels and nerves
- prevents internal coagulation of blood
12
Q
location of areolar tissue
A
a. beneath skin, sub mucosa of alimentary canal, blood vessels
13
Q
Adipose tissue
A
Also known as fat tissue, its has large no of adipocytes and very few or absent fibers. The fat globules occupy most of the cell and thus pushes nucleus to the side giving it signet ring like appearance.
14
Q
What is the dense connective tissue?
A
The connective tissue that is packed with fibers providing it with rigidity.
14
Q
Location of adipose tissue
A
orbit of eye ball, around heart, kidney, belly region.
15
Q
Function of adipose tissue
A
- Fat storage
- Insulation of body
- Acts as cushion around eye socked preventing shock and injuries.
16
Q
What are the types of dense connective tissues?
A
- White fibrous connective tissue(TENDON)
- Yellow elastic tissue (LIGAMENT)
17
Q
What is tendon?
A
Tendon is modified areolar tissue with high amount of white collagen fibers present parallel to one another in it.
18
Q
What does tendon do?
A
Tendons connect muscles with bones.
Provides mechanical protection against stretch.
19
Q
What is ligament?
A
Ligament is a dense connective tissue consisting mainly of yellow elastic fibers and fibrocytes scattered over the matrix.
20
Q
What does ligament do?
A
Connects bone to bone.
Thus, providing stretch and elasticity.
21
Q
What are the differences between ligament and tendon?
A
- Yellow elastic fibers and white collagen fibers
- Fibrocytes scattered over matrix and fibrocytes arranged between the parallels of white fiber.
- Connects bone to bone and connects muscles to bone
- It is elastic and flexible and tendon is inelastic and tough.
22
Q
What are the supportive connective/skeletal tissues?
A
The connective tissue forming the endoskeleton of vertebrates , having dense matrix.
23
What are the two major types of skeletal tissue?
1. Cartilage
2. Bone
24
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is a type of skeletal tissue having cheese like semi-solid matrix and overall a soft
skeletal tissue.
25
What is the protein present in cartilage?
Chondrin
26
Chondrin protein is produced by
Chondrocytes/Chondroblast
27
What is lacunae?
Lacunae is a space enclosing chondrocytes.
28
Outer membrane of cartilage..
Perichondrium
29
What are the types of cartilages?
On the basis of nature of matrix
a. Hyaline cartilage
- Flexible, transparent, homogenous and tough.
b. Elastic cartilages
- more flexible, network of yellow elastin fibers.
c. Fibro-cartilage
- abundant white collagen fibers, resistant with less cell and matrix
d. Calcified cartilage
- very hard, stuff, non-elastic
-formed after hyaline cartilage builds of calcium in matrix.
30
Location of hyaline cartilage
1. nose, larynx, ending ribs, joint surfaces, early skeletal structures embryos of vertebrates
31
Location of elastic cartilage
external ear, external auditory canal, epiglottis, eustachian tubes and nose tip
32
Location of fibro-cartilage
intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis.
33
Location of calcified cartilage
suprascapular of pectoral girdle, heads of humerus and femur, vertebrae of sharks , pelvis of old frogs
34
Difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage
1. flexible and somewhat elastic, more flexible and elastic
2. Thin white collagen fibers and yellow elastic fibers
3. Larynx, trachea and epiglottis, pinna
35
What is bone?
Bone is a specialized connective tissue which is very hard due the deposition of calcium carbonate salts.
36
What is the study of bone known as?
Osteology
37
What is the matrix of bone made up of?
protein ossein
38
What is composition of bone inorganic and organic wise?
70% inorganic and 30% of fibers and glycoproteins
39
The process of formation of bones is...
osteogenesis
40
The outermost covering of bone
Periosteum, a thick and tough sheath of white fibrous tissue.
41
Just below bone...
Outer layer of osteoblast, giving rise to the bone cells.
42
What is endosteum?
43
What is lamella?
Lamella is concentric rings present in the matrix, that surrounds the Haversian canal and provides rigidity to the bone.
44
What is lacunae?
Lacunae is the fluid filled small spaces enveloping one osteocyte. It is present in lamellae.
45
What are canaliculi?
Canaliculi are the branching channels radiating from the lacunae that interconnects with other canaliculi forming an interconnected system.
It allows nutrients and wastes to be exchanged.
46
What is Haversian system?
Haversian system is the structural unit of bone that compromises of lamella, lacunae and canaliculi that are present around a Haversian canal
47
What are canals of Volkmann?
Canals of Volkmann is a channel that connects Haversian systems to each other and the outer surface of bone.
48
What is Haversian canal?
Haversian canal is a canal like structure running through each osteon/Haversian system. It contains blood vessels and nerves.
49
Describe the structure of bone.
Bone simple composition, periosteum, outer layer of osteoblasts, matrix; lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canal, canals of Volkmann, endosteum( central marrow cavity is lined by inner layer of osteoblasts)
50
What are the types of bones?
There are two types of bone on the basis of type of matrix;
1. Spongy bone
-present is the epiphysis of a long bone. soft matrix with numerous pores, lacking Haversian system. Consisting of red bone marrow.
2. Compact bone
-present in diaphysis of long bone, with hard pore less matrix along with Haversian system. Consisting of yellow bone marrow.
51
Describe bone marrow.
Soft and spongy tissue present in bones.
1. Yellow bone marrow
- greater fat content, present in long bones, mainly fat storage but can convert to red bone marrow in need.
2. Red bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)
-present in short bone, ends of long bones, forming RBC and WBC
52
Describe ossification
It is a process under osteogenesis which contributes for the development of skeletal system.
53
What are the types of ossification?
1. Endochondral
- cartilage transforms into bones
-also called replacing bone
2. Intramembranous/dermal investing/membrane bone
-produced directly from connective tissue
54
Differentiate cartilage and bone.
1. soft ,elastic and flexible and hard inelastic non flexible
2. Chondrin and Ossein
3. No calcium phosphate and present.
4. 3-4 cell within lacunae and only one for one lacunae
5. Haversian system absent and present
55
What is fluid connective tissue/ Haemopoietic tissue?
A type of connective tissue with no fiber content giving it fluid like character.
56
What are the types of fluid connective tissue?
1. Myeloid tissue (BLOOD)
2. Lymphoid tissue (LYMPH)
57
What is myeloid tissue?
Also known as blood its a fluid connective tissue compromised of 55% of blood plasma and rest of blood cells.
58
Quantity of blood in average human
5-8 liters (5% of body weight)
59
Blood plasma
1. constitutes 55%
2. 90-92% water and rest are dissolved solids like proteins-7%, inorganic substances-1% and organic substances like ammonia, urea, glucose etc-2%. Along with gases, antibodies, hormones etc.
60
What are the functions of blood plasma?
1. Transportation
2. Immunity (immunoglobulin presence)
3. Temperature regulation
4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure (serum albumin)
5. Maintenance of blood pH (plasma proteins acts as buffers)
61
What are the types of blood cells?
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leucocytes
3. Thrombocytes
62
Erythrocyte
shape- biconcave
nucleus-absent
number- 5,400,000 in men and 4,800,000 in women
thickness- 7.5 micrometer
lifespan- 110-120 days
process of formation- haemopoisis
iron pigment- hemoglobin
excess-polycythemia
deficiency- anemia
63
Leucocyte
shape-variable
nucleus-present
number-10,000
lifespan- 1-4 days
pigment- none
origin site- red bone marrow and lymph glands
excess- leukemia
deficiency- leukopenia
64
Types of leucocytes
1. Granulocytes (lobated nuclei, granules, 1-4 hrs., 72% of total wbc)
2. Agranulocytes (oval nuclei, no granules, 28% of total wbc)
65
Types of granulocytes
1.Eosinophils (Acidophils)
-bilobed nucleus
-stained in acidic dyes
-2-3 percent
destroy and detoxify toxins
excess-eosinophilia
2. Basophils
-s-shaped nucleus
- stained in basic dyes
- 0.5-4%
-release histamine and heparin
3. Neutrophils
-60-70%
-multi-lobed nucleus
-stained in neutral dyes
-engulf harmful bacteria
65
Types of agranulocytes
1. Lymphocyte
-large nuclei
24% of wbc
-non-motile and non-phagocytic
-production of anti-bodies: B and T
2. Monocytes
-larger with bean shaped nuclei
4% wbc
-actively phagocytic
66
Thrombocytes
shape-irregular
nucleus-absent
thickness-2-4 micrometer
lifespan-a week
number-250,000
contains thromboplastin speeding up conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
deficiency- thrombocytopenia
excess- thrombocytosis
67
Function of blood
1.transport
2.immunity
3.protection
4.clotting
68
Lymphoid tissue
Lymph is blood without blood cells, transparent, yellow slightly alkaline fluid
69
Contents of lymph
Glucose,salts,vitamins,amino acids less protein
70
Function of lymph
1.middle man
2.lymphocytes
pathogen and foreign particles
3.lymph capillaries called lacteals are associated with absorption of fat soluble vitamin
4.volume of blood maintained
ANIMAL Tissue
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